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If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/1206 Thanks! 1 00:00:06,350 --> 00:00:07,350 We. 2 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:21,359 The next talk will be in English, 3 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:23,429 obviously, and 4 00:00:23,430 --> 00:00:26,369 it will it will be about 5 00:00:26,370 --> 00:00:28,649 a very specific, very 6 00:00:28,650 --> 00:00:31,129 special and very interesting topic. 7 00:00:31,130 --> 00:00:34,589 A Frank Vinales firefighters. 8 00:00:34,590 --> 00:00:35,639 He is a journalist. 9 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:37,439 He works for William the E, but he's also 10 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:39,569 a podcaster, and he will explain 11 00:00:39,570 --> 00:00:41,909 to us how we could make 12 00:00:41,910 --> 00:00:44,519 space exploration cheaper 13 00:00:44,520 --> 00:00:45,989 and very interesting topic. 14 00:00:45,990 --> 00:00:47,969 Please give a warm applause to our next 15 00:00:47,970 --> 00:00:48,970 speaker. 16 00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:56,529 OK. 17 00:00:56,530 --> 00:00:58,299 Well, it seems to be on 18 00:00:58,300 --> 00:01:00,729 her, it's not rocket science, 19 00:01:00,730 --> 00:01:01,629 I 20 00:01:01,630 --> 00:01:03,549 actually plan to give this talk without 21 00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:05,229 mentioning rockets, but 22 00:01:07,210 --> 00:01:09,339 then we got some new pictures 23 00:01:09,340 --> 00:01:10,299 and I 24 00:01:10,300 --> 00:01:11,409 ended up deciding 25 00:01:11,410 --> 00:01:12,410 against that. 26 00:01:13,340 --> 00:01:15,859 So just ahead of Christmas. 27 00:01:15,860 --> 00:01:18,199 Space X released new pictures from 28 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:20,959 the new test spacecraft 29 00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:23,149 and there's 30 00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:25,339 going to be the Starship test spacecraft, 31 00:01:25,340 --> 00:01:27,409 it's very much the same as a 32 00:01:27,410 --> 00:01:29,999 grasshopper that we had in 2012. 33 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:32,629 So really, don't expect this to be 34 00:01:32,630 --> 00:01:34,969 any more than an ugly test 35 00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:37,249 bed of a rocket that is flying 36 00:01:37,250 --> 00:01:39,439 a bit up and a bit down just to shake 37 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:41,389 things down and see if the technology 38 00:01:41,390 --> 00:01:42,289 works. 39 00:01:42,290 --> 00:01:44,359 But the interesting 40 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:46,219 thing was that 41 00:01:46,220 --> 00:01:49,189 they changed the technology they used to 42 00:01:49,190 --> 00:01:50,659 build this 43 00:01:50,660 --> 00:01:51,559 spaceship. 44 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:53,899 And if you remember 45 00:01:53,900 --> 00:01:54,709 back two 46 00:01:54,710 --> 00:01:56,809 years or something like that, the 47 00:01:56,810 --> 00:01:59,359 Space X presented 48 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:01,669 a large carbon fiber tank, 49 00:02:01,670 --> 00:02:04,579 a fuel tank that would be 50 00:02:04,580 --> 00:02:06,949 primary structure of the new spacecraft. 51 00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:10,519 And now, he said, Nope, 52 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:11,539 we're going to make it out of 53 00:02:11,540 --> 00:02:13,159 steel. 54 00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:16,099 Steel is known as a heavy material. 55 00:02:16,100 --> 00:02:17,659 Usually, when you use the air, you have 56 00:02:17,660 --> 00:02:19,819 something like a huge building, maybe 57 00:02:19,820 --> 00:02:21,139 a shape or something like that. 58 00:02:21,140 --> 00:02:23,779 It's not something that you would 59 00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:25,669 use to build something as delicate and 60 00:02:25,670 --> 00:02:27,839 light as the spacecraft and spacecraft. 61 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:28,309 You usually 62 00:02:28,310 --> 00:02:29,929 use aluminum or 63 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:32,299 carbon fiber or anything to make things 64 00:02:32,300 --> 00:02:34,189 as light as possible. 65 00:02:34,190 --> 00:02:35,239 And that's 66 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:36,289 not what they did 67 00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:37,189 here. 68 00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:38,419 Or so it seems. 69 00:02:41,670 --> 00:02:42,750 It seems to be that 70 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:46,229 not using steel 71 00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:48,659 cannot possibly result in something 72 00:02:48,660 --> 00:02:51,329 like a light spacecraft, 73 00:02:51,330 --> 00:02:53,849 but actually you can use 74 00:02:53,850 --> 00:02:55,979 internal pressure within the tanks 75 00:02:55,980 --> 00:02:57,449 to stabilize it 76 00:02:57,450 --> 00:02:59,549 and at least Elon Musk 77 00:02:59,550 --> 00:03:01,859 said, and I didn't have time to 78 00:03:01,860 --> 00:03:03,989 actually check that because it 79 00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:06,119 was just before Christmas, and 80 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:06,269 there 81 00:03:06,270 --> 00:03:08,489 was a lot to do in the meantime 82 00:03:09,510 --> 00:03:10,199 that as 83 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:12,149 high temperatures at least 84 00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:14,369 steel is about 85 00:03:14,370 --> 00:03:15,549 as 86 00:03:15,550 --> 00:03:17,909 as tough as carbon fiber. 87 00:03:17,910 --> 00:03:20,279 And the new spacecraft 88 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:22,499 of Space X is supposed to 89 00:03:22,500 --> 00:03:25,139 withstand reentry heats 90 00:03:25,140 --> 00:03:27,389 that are quite high and 91 00:03:27,390 --> 00:03:29,769 so steel could actually make sense. 92 00:03:29,770 --> 00:03:32,309 Why am I telling this story? 93 00:03:32,310 --> 00:03:34,409 Because it seems like 94 00:03:34,410 --> 00:03:35,549 steel is 95 00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:37,110 the right choice in this case. 96 00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:39,870 It reminded me of something else. 97 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:42,419 The X3 went 98 00:03:42,420 --> 00:03:44,579 to a star, and this was supposed 99 00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,949 to be the next space shuttle 100 00:03:46,950 --> 00:03:47,699 back in 101 00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:50,279 the 1990s 102 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:51,810 and early 2000s 103 00:03:53,010 --> 00:03:53,369 kind of 104 00:03:53,370 --> 00:03:55,259 looks like the Space Shuttle was supposed 105 00:03:55,260 --> 00:03:57,329 to be single stage to orbit. 106 00:03:57,330 --> 00:03:59,159 Now there's a lot of things wrong with 107 00:03:59,160 --> 00:03:59,579 this 108 00:03:59,580 --> 00:04:01,339 whole concept, especially because at a 109 00:04:01,340 --> 00:04:03,599 single stage to orbit the 110 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:05,819 rocket equation does not take 111 00:04:05,820 --> 00:04:08,069 kindly to people trying to put 112 00:04:08,070 --> 00:04:11,159 something from the ground up into orbit. 113 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:12,329 There are a lot of 114 00:04:12,330 --> 00:04:14,159 rockets that could actually do it. 115 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:16,499 You could take a rocket and 116 00:04:16,500 --> 00:04:18,179 without any kind of staging, you could 117 00:04:18,180 --> 00:04:20,458 put several tons into a low Earth 118 00:04:20,459 --> 00:04:21,719 orbit. 119 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:23,519 But it doesn't make sense because you can 120 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:26,039 put a second stage on top of it and 121 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:28,199 double or triple the payload 122 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:29,969 even for low Earth orbit. 123 00:04:29,970 --> 00:04:32,339 And you couldn't reach any 124 00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:34,589 higher orbits with a single 125 00:04:34,590 --> 00:04:36,779 stage spacecraft like this one. 126 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:39,989 But the reason why this one never 127 00:04:39,990 --> 00:04:40,769 flew. 128 00:04:40,770 --> 00:04:42,899 This was supposed to be a one third 129 00:04:42,900 --> 00:04:44,759 scale model of the real thing 130 00:04:46,740 --> 00:04:48,180 was something else. 131 00:04:49,380 --> 00:04:51,509 And we will 132 00:04:51,510 --> 00:04:52,510 talk about that 133 00:04:54,450 --> 00:04:56,910 after the live quote of Richard Feynman. 134 00:04:58,380 --> 00:05:00,899 Yes. Reality is 135 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:02,939 an important thing, and 136 00:05:02,940 --> 00:05:05,159 public relations are not quite important 137 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:05,879 enough to 138 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:08,909 go beyond the 139 00:05:08,910 --> 00:05:11,519 limits of the laws of nature 140 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:14,200 and. 141 00:05:16,490 --> 00:05:19,069 Single stage to orbit doesn't quite work. 142 00:05:19,070 --> 00:05:20,480 This demonstrator here 143 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,139 was almost finished. 144 00:05:24,140 --> 00:05:25,969 All the components were there. 145 00:05:25,970 --> 00:05:28,099 And the problem was 146 00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:29,209 with this large 147 00:05:29,210 --> 00:05:30,769 two thing, 148 00:05:30,770 --> 00:05:32,599 that's the hydrogen tank. 149 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:34,759 These hydrogen tanks, you see, it's 150 00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:35,749 two of two 151 00:05:35,750 --> 00:05:37,999 tanks and there are two sections to 152 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:39,199 it 153 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:40,699 with a slope in between. 154 00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:42,649 And it's a very complicated shape, and 155 00:05:42,650 --> 00:05:44,869 you wouldn't use that sort of shape in 156 00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:45,870 a normal tank. 157 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:49,579 And they decided where there's tanks, 158 00:05:49,580 --> 00:05:52,309 they have to be extremely light because 159 00:05:52,310 --> 00:05:53,779 it's supposed to go to space. 160 00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:55,549 It has to be extremely light to go to 161 00:05:55,550 --> 00:05:56,809 space. 162 00:05:56,810 --> 00:05:58,789 And so they 163 00:05:58,790 --> 00:06:01,099 made it out of carbon fiber 164 00:06:01,100 --> 00:06:02,749 and they ran into trouble. 165 00:06:02,750 --> 00:06:04,249 They couldn't get it right. 166 00:06:04,250 --> 00:06:05,839 They had leaks all the time. 167 00:06:05,840 --> 00:06:08,149 And also 168 00:06:08,150 --> 00:06:08,359 it 169 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:09,949 was not as light as they thought it would 170 00:06:09,950 --> 00:06:12,139 be because its shape 171 00:06:12,140 --> 00:06:13,069 is complicated 172 00:06:13,070 --> 00:06:15,259 and carbon fibers are actual 173 00:06:15,260 --> 00:06:17,359 fibers, and they are only strong in one 174 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:19,099 direction, in the direction of the fire, 175 00:06:19,100 --> 00:06:21,319 but not perpendicular to 176 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:23,449 it. And so they ended 177 00:06:23,450 --> 00:06:25,129 up using a lot more mass than they would 178 00:06:25,130 --> 00:06:27,439 have thought, especially in those slope 179 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:28,440 areas. 180 00:06:29,780 --> 00:06:31,639 This was so obvious 181 00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:33,679 to the engineers that there was a group 182 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:35,659 of engineers within the company that 183 00:06:35,660 --> 00:06:37,909 build it, that they 184 00:06:37,910 --> 00:06:39,949 built a second tank and they made it out 185 00:06:39,950 --> 00:06:40,909 of aluminum alloy. 186 00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:42,979 And it was the 187 00:06:42,980 --> 00:06:45,619 tank itself was 188 00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:46,789 heavier 189 00:06:46,790 --> 00:06:48,709 than the carbon fiber tank. 190 00:06:48,710 --> 00:06:50,899 But the 191 00:06:50,900 --> 00:06:51,799 lobes, 192 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:53,659 they save so much more weight 193 00:06:53,660 --> 00:06:55,759 on the lobes that came out to be 194 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:58,309 almost the exact same thing. 195 00:06:58,310 --> 00:06:59,869 But that was when the 196 00:06:59,870 --> 00:07:02,629 project was canceled because 197 00:07:02,630 --> 00:07:04,250 essentially it wasn't high tech enough. 198 00:07:06,190 --> 00:07:08,769 They were so concentrated 199 00:07:08,770 --> 00:07:10,839 on using COVID on proving the 200 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:13,119 principle of 201 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:15,309 carbon fiber technologies for 202 00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:16,420 for cryo tanks. 203 00:07:18,540 --> 00:07:20,789 That they can the project in 204 00:07:20,790 --> 00:07:23,129 the end, which is quite 205 00:07:23,130 --> 00:07:25,199 a difference compared to Space X, 206 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:25,979 who just thought, 207 00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:28,319 well, we can make out of steel 208 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:29,639 and steel works 209 00:07:30,690 --> 00:07:31,690 at least. 210 00:07:34,550 --> 00:07:36,739 Steel is not the first time that 211 00:07:36,740 --> 00:07:38,809 it's being used, in fact, 212 00:07:38,810 --> 00:07:41,119 this is the factory of the 213 00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:43,310 Atlas Rockets, the earliest those rockets 214 00:07:44,570 --> 00:07:46,849 and this is China material 215 00:07:46,850 --> 00:07:49,129 and it actual steel and those 216 00:07:49,130 --> 00:07:50,149 are the balloon tanks. 217 00:07:50,150 --> 00:07:51,259 They're under pressure. 218 00:07:51,260 --> 00:07:53,749 And if you go search on the web, 219 00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:55,939 you can find a nice video how they don't 220 00:07:55,940 --> 00:07:56,899 work. 221 00:07:56,900 --> 00:07:58,939 There's a video where one of those 222 00:07:58,940 --> 00:08:01,069 rockets is upright and it loses pressure 223 00:08:01,070 --> 00:08:03,649 inside and it just collapses like 224 00:08:03,650 --> 00:08:05,899 a tin can without pressure inside 225 00:08:05,900 --> 00:08:06,900 of it. 226 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:09,120 And. 227 00:08:11,350 --> 00:08:12,350 The way 228 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:15,969 this is actually a very nice technology, 229 00:08:15,970 --> 00:08:17,380 it's pretty light. 230 00:08:18,750 --> 00:08:20,729 And it has been used again. 231 00:08:20,730 --> 00:08:22,979 It has been used again in the upper stage 232 00:08:22,980 --> 00:08:25,049 descent of a stage, also for the Atlas 233 00:08:25,050 --> 00:08:27,269 rocket, and they 234 00:08:27,270 --> 00:08:29,069 used steel tanks. 235 00:08:29,070 --> 00:08:31,440 This is the the hydrogen steel tank and 236 00:08:32,580 --> 00:08:34,469 this rocket stage is 237 00:08:36,299 --> 00:08:38,788 is extremely light even 238 00:08:38,789 --> 00:08:39,928 for today's standards. 239 00:08:39,929 --> 00:08:42,209 They kept building this stage 240 00:08:42,210 --> 00:08:44,429 since the 1960s and centaur 241 00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:46,589 stages are used to this day, and they 242 00:08:46,590 --> 00:08:48,899 still use steel because 243 00:08:48,900 --> 00:08:51,719 the balloon structure is quite light. 244 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:53,849 In fact, it's what is today 245 00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:55,379 one of the lightest upper stage as their 246 00:08:55,380 --> 00:08:56,380 own. 247 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:00,509 I mean, I'm not going to complain too 248 00:09:00,510 --> 00:09:03,269 much about the 249 00:09:03,270 --> 00:09:05,339 but the Ariane five upper stage, 250 00:09:05,340 --> 00:09:07,979 which is a huge compromise 251 00:09:07,980 --> 00:09:10,649 and really inhibits its its performance. 252 00:09:10,650 --> 00:09:11,910 But we have come to that. 253 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,599 It's a very simple material. 254 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:21,149 It has a lot, has 255 00:09:21,150 --> 00:09:22,150 a great history. 256 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,499 But if you want to build something cheap, 257 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:30,389 you better build it in large numbers. 258 00:09:31,390 --> 00:09:32,969 Atlas rockets were built in 259 00:09:32,970 --> 00:09:34,379 larger numbers than factory like 260 00:09:34,380 --> 00:09:36,869 that and you can see 261 00:09:36,870 --> 00:09:37,919 yes, they had it 262 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:41,159 down to a science, to a real factory. 263 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,079 But there's a reason for that, and that 264 00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:45,539 reason is not space exploration. 265 00:09:45,540 --> 00:09:48,479 Atlas rockets where used to go to 266 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:50,609 space first, 267 00:09:50,610 --> 00:09:52,709 American astronaut 268 00:09:52,710 --> 00:09:54,899 John Glenn, who actually orbited the EV, 269 00:09:54,900 --> 00:09:56,249 went on an Atlas rocket 270 00:09:57,810 --> 00:09:58,810 and. 271 00:10:02,820 --> 00:10:04,439 The actor payload of these 272 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:06,210 rockets on nuclear bombs, 273 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:10,409 and that's a large 274 00:10:10,410 --> 00:10:12,299 it's a huge tradition. 275 00:10:12,300 --> 00:10:14,789 Most rockets go into space, usually 276 00:10:14,790 --> 00:10:17,429 had nuclear bombs on top of them. 277 00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:19,259 That's not just true for North Korea, 278 00:10:19,260 --> 00:10:20,609 it's true for 279 00:10:20,610 --> 00:10:21,959 almost any 280 00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:24,029 spacefaring nation that 281 00:10:24,030 --> 00:10:26,339 started out, except for exotics 282 00:10:26,340 --> 00:10:28,619 like maybe New Zealand, 283 00:10:28,620 --> 00:10:30,029 who recently started their own space 284 00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:31,979 program and start building their own 285 00:10:31,980 --> 00:10:33,059 rockets. 286 00:10:33,060 --> 00:10:34,739 They actually just went to space and 287 00:10:34,740 --> 00:10:36,539 never had nuclear bombs on top of them. 288 00:10:38,310 --> 00:10:40,299 But if you replace the nuclear bomb with 289 00:10:40,300 --> 00:10:42,369 the next rocket stage and a 290 00:10:42,370 --> 00:10:44,309 satellite or space probe, you 291 00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:45,359 can get it to orbit. 292 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,349 And essentially what what they 293 00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:51,369 witnessed that did here was to use the 294 00:10:51,370 --> 00:10:54,329 surplus, the production facilities 295 00:10:54,330 --> 00:10:56,369 from the military to build their own 296 00:10:56,370 --> 00:10:57,370 rockets. 297 00:10:58,110 --> 00:11:00,630 And obviously, 298 00:11:01,740 --> 00:11:04,349 they built about 400 299 00:11:04,350 --> 00:11:06,600 400 something rockets of this type, 300 00:11:07,620 --> 00:11:09,749 and they didn't quite meet as many 301 00:11:09,750 --> 00:11:12,329 of those for spaceflight. 302 00:11:12,330 --> 00:11:14,249 Some of them by ActionScript, a lot of 303 00:11:14,250 --> 00:11:16,199 them during the during the shuttle 304 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:17,200 program. 305 00:11:18,060 --> 00:11:19,499 If you build so many rockets, 306 00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:20,700 you can build them cheaply. 307 00:11:22,620 --> 00:11:25,499 I think the production cost was 308 00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:27,299 already something like six million 309 00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:29,449 dollars, but there's a lot of inflation, 310 00:11:29,450 --> 00:11:31,889 and since that time they were quite cheap 311 00:11:31,890 --> 00:11:32,890 anyway. 312 00:11:33,900 --> 00:11:36,119 And that's because of masters of 313 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:37,120 mass production. 314 00:11:38,310 --> 00:11:41,039 The problem with mass production is that 315 00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:42,689 especially these days when you have 316 00:11:42,690 --> 00:11:44,159 larger rockets and 317 00:11:45,300 --> 00:11:47,429 we have for the first time since 318 00:11:47,430 --> 00:11:49,559 the since 1990, since the end 319 00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:51,599 of the Cold War, we have launched 320 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,880 worldwide 100 rockets this year. 321 00:11:54,930 --> 00:11:56,999 That is not very suitable for mass 322 00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:59,129 production like this one. 323 00:11:59,130 --> 00:12:00,149 So the alternative 324 00:12:00,150 --> 00:12:01,589 is instead of building 325 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:03,809 the rockets in 326 00:12:03,810 --> 00:12:06,119 mass production, you can at least build 327 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,569 the most important 328 00:12:08,570 --> 00:12:10,679 and most expensive components 329 00:12:10,680 --> 00:12:12,829 in mass production and 330 00:12:12,830 --> 00:12:15,209 in some some nice examples of those. 331 00:12:15,210 --> 00:12:17,519 Of course, these Soyuz rockets where 332 00:12:17,520 --> 00:12:18,570 they build the 333 00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:21,989 the burning chambers and the nozzles, 334 00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:24,239 which are delicate parts, really 335 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:26,789 almost every Soyuz rockets. 336 00:12:26,790 --> 00:12:29,159 When you look at it from behind has 20 337 00:12:29,160 --> 00:12:31,709 such such burning chambers 338 00:12:31,710 --> 00:12:34,079 and five sets of turbo 339 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,389 pumps through to deliver the fuel 340 00:12:36,390 --> 00:12:37,390 to them. 341 00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:40,379 And of course, we all know about the 342 00:12:40,380 --> 00:12:42,719 Falcon Heavy 27 343 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:44,249 engines in the first stage. 344 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:47,969 Having so many, so 345 00:12:47,970 --> 00:12:48,209 many 346 00:12:48,210 --> 00:12:50,429 small engines means that you can build 347 00:12:50,430 --> 00:12:52,529 one engine every three days or something 348 00:12:52,530 --> 00:12:54,629 like that, and that really cuts down on 349 00:12:54,630 --> 00:12:55,630 production costs, 350 00:12:58,050 --> 00:13:00,239 especially compared to 351 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:02,010 other rockets that are more current. 352 00:13:03,420 --> 00:13:05,099 Did the same thing. 353 00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,379 This is an area for for rocket, which 354 00:13:07,380 --> 00:13:09,659 was back 355 00:13:09,660 --> 00:13:11,789 in its day, the cheapest rocket there 356 00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:13,380 was that really disrupted 357 00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:16,739 the transportation of satellites into 358 00:13:16,740 --> 00:13:19,439 space as much as Space X did 359 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:20,939 back in the 2000s. 360 00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:23,279 So it's up with the area and 361 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:25,619 rockets in the area, and rockets really 362 00:13:25,620 --> 00:13:27,239 changed the game there, 363 00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:29,399 and they did it by putting a lot 364 00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:31,769 of identical and small engines. 365 00:13:31,770 --> 00:13:33,839 These are eight Viking engines 366 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:34,919 in the first stage. 367 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:37,019 There's one waking engine in the second 368 00:13:37,020 --> 00:13:39,359 stage and there's an upper stage 369 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:41,519 that is fueled by by 370 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:43,709 hydrogen and a different rocket 371 00:13:43,710 --> 00:13:44,710 engine. 372 00:13:45,780 --> 00:13:48,269 It's very much the same concept as 373 00:13:48,270 --> 00:13:50,399 Space X used and. 374 00:13:51,830 --> 00:13:54,169 For some reason, they forgot all about 375 00:13:54,170 --> 00:13:55,170 it. 376 00:13:55,460 --> 00:13:57,799 Next, rocket was Ariane 377 00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:59,959 five, Ariane five 378 00:13:59,960 --> 00:14:01,070 consists of 379 00:14:02,090 --> 00:14:04,249 two solid boosters, one 380 00:14:04,250 --> 00:14:06,709 big, one big engine, the Balkan 381 00:14:06,710 --> 00:14:08,989 engine and the large central 382 00:14:08,990 --> 00:14:09,979 stage 383 00:14:09,980 --> 00:14:11,629 and alpha stage 384 00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:14,059 with yet another different engine. 385 00:14:14,060 --> 00:14:15,079 These rockets are 386 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:17,059 built and launched about six every 387 00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:19,369 year, so every two months 388 00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:21,709 or so you build one engine that's 389 00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:23,629 very different than building one engine 390 00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:24,859 every three days. 391 00:14:24,860 --> 00:14:27,349 And that's what makes it so expensive. 392 00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:28,399 And if you 393 00:14:29,450 --> 00:14:31,579 there are some TV documentaries where 394 00:14:31,580 --> 00:14:34,329 you can see the production 395 00:14:34,330 --> 00:14:36,349 process of these engines 396 00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:38,000 and there's a lot of handwork, 397 00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:40,399 you know, there, 398 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:42,799 for example, about 500 399 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:44,869 injection nozzles inside of 400 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:46,880 the inside of 401 00:14:47,990 --> 00:14:50,059 this inside of this 402 00:14:50,060 --> 00:14:52,279 engine and well, there 403 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:54,589 are two or three engineers in the room 404 00:14:54,590 --> 00:14:56,689 and one of them is 405 00:14:56,690 --> 00:14:58,849 watching the other one while 406 00:14:58,850 --> 00:15:01,129 he is taking each 407 00:15:01,130 --> 00:15:02,130 injection 408 00:15:03,530 --> 00:15:06,079 nozzle and screwing it into the plate 409 00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:07,669 by hand. 410 00:15:07,670 --> 00:15:09,439 There's not a lot of automation you can 411 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:11,719 do when you build six of those engines 412 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:13,879 every year and six of those rockets 413 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:14,929 every year, 414 00:15:14,930 --> 00:15:16,309 and that's a big 415 00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:18,559 reason why this has become quite 416 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:21,139 expensive, and it had to be subsidized 417 00:15:21,140 --> 00:15:23,269 its rocket launch of those subsidized 418 00:15:23,270 --> 00:15:24,889 by about 20 million 419 00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:25,890 euros 420 00:15:26,750 --> 00:15:29,389 just to not actually be competitive, 421 00:15:29,390 --> 00:15:31,339 but to be just 422 00:15:31,340 --> 00:15:31,849 just not 423 00:15:31,850 --> 00:15:34,789 quite so expensive that it's worth to 424 00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:37,249 develop a new rocket at least until 425 00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:39,079 Space X came along. 426 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:41,209 Next, the rocket is going 427 00:15:41,210 --> 00:15:43,309 to be Ariane six, and it's not going 428 00:15:43,310 --> 00:15:45,169 to be that much better, 429 00:15:46,340 --> 00:15:47,359 especially if you if 430 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:49,489 you have a look, it's going 431 00:15:49,490 --> 00:15:51,320 to be in two different flavors. 432 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:56,049 The one with just to 433 00:15:56,050 --> 00:15:58,189 two solid boosters Ariane 434 00:15:58,190 --> 00:16:00,289 six, A62 and 435 00:16:00,290 --> 00:16:02,609 the A64 is the big one. 436 00:16:02,610 --> 00:16:04,849 Essentially, it's the same rocket, just 437 00:16:04,850 --> 00:16:07,189 with smaller with smaller, 438 00:16:07,190 --> 00:16:08,190 solid boosters. 439 00:16:09,950 --> 00:16:13,279 But you notice the the actual 440 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:13,939 payload 441 00:16:13,940 --> 00:16:15,859 on top is Python's. 442 00:16:15,860 --> 00:16:18,379 This one is 10 tons and. 443 00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:23,399 You wouldn't think that somebody 444 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:23,909 would come up 445 00:16:23,910 --> 00:16:25,829 with this idea and say, Hey, that's a 446 00:16:25,830 --> 00:16:27,359 good idea, because the 447 00:16:28,530 --> 00:16:30,539 distorted markets are the cheap part of 448 00:16:30,540 --> 00:16:32,429 the of the entire rocket. 449 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,419 So by leaving out two of those 450 00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:36,749 solid 451 00:16:36,750 --> 00:16:39,089 rocket boosters, you can reduce the cost 452 00:16:39,090 --> 00:16:41,579 of the of the rocket by about 20 million 453 00:16:41,580 --> 00:16:43,499 euros or something like that. 454 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:44,069 But you lose 455 00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:46,109 half of the of the payload 456 00:16:48,030 --> 00:16:49,829 while when you have a 457 00:16:49,830 --> 00:16:52,169 big rocket, would you use for 458 00:16:52,170 --> 00:16:54,479 boosters? You can get about twice 459 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:56,729 the payload for a marginal price 460 00:16:56,730 --> 00:16:57,730 increase. 461 00:16:58,800 --> 00:16:59,249 I've been 462 00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:01,889 told that the A62 463 00:17:01,890 --> 00:17:04,049 will cost about 40 percent less 464 00:17:04,050 --> 00:17:06,299 than the area in 465 00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:08,399 Ariane five rocket, so it's going to be 466 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:10,919 about 90 to 100 467 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:13,179 million euros for 468 00:17:13,180 --> 00:17:15,389 a performance similar to 469 00:17:15,390 --> 00:17:17,699 to a Falcon 470 00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:17,939 nine 471 00:17:17,940 --> 00:17:20,399 rocket that is about as expensive 472 00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:22,889 as well 50 473 00:17:22,890 --> 00:17:25,169 or 60 million 474 00:17:25,170 --> 00:17:27,328 euros. It's it's not going 475 00:17:27,329 --> 00:17:28,329 to be very cheap. 476 00:17:29,490 --> 00:17:31,679 And of course, the A64 477 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:33,839 is going to be 120 130 478 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:35,399 million euros 479 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:36,629 and it doesn't 480 00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:38,640 look like this is going to be 481 00:17:41,730 --> 00:17:43,889 a very nice prospect for for being 482 00:17:43,890 --> 00:17:44,890 competitive. 483 00:17:46,590 --> 00:17:48,749 Well, also struck me is 484 00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:50,220 people are actually using this one. 485 00:17:52,620 --> 00:17:54,779 When you have five tonnes of 486 00:17:54,780 --> 00:17:56,939 of payload that you can 487 00:17:56,940 --> 00:17:58,829 bring into space, 488 00:17:58,830 --> 00:17:59,830 but 489 00:18:00,540 --> 00:18:02,609 by just using 20 million euros 490 00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:04,739 or maybe 30 million euros, in addition to 491 00:18:04,740 --> 00:18:06,119 that, you can double it. 492 00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:07,979 That means you're actually wasting a lot 493 00:18:07,980 --> 00:18:10,049 of a lot of payload mass. 494 00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:13,919 That means for very it's 495 00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:15,689 it's pretty expensive to 496 00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:17,939 get in or to get the satellite 497 00:18:17,940 --> 00:18:19,289 into orbit. 498 00:18:19,290 --> 00:18:21,449 But getting five tonnes 499 00:18:21,450 --> 00:18:23,579 more into orbit when there's 500 00:18:23,580 --> 00:18:23,669 the 501 00:18:23,670 --> 00:18:25,829 rocket already going can be quite 502 00:18:25,830 --> 00:18:28,590 cheap and. 503 00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:33,169 Even whenever you use 504 00:18:33,170 --> 00:18:34,519 the the smaller 505 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:36,379 variant of this rocket means that you're 506 00:18:36,380 --> 00:18:38,809 wasting a lot of money and a lot of 507 00:18:38,810 --> 00:18:41,030 space in your in your rockets. 508 00:18:43,660 --> 00:18:44,890 Not a problem, is 509 00:18:46,210 --> 00:18:47,980 this an outdated graphic, but 510 00:18:49,540 --> 00:18:51,699 the whole production is distributed 511 00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:53,349 all over Europe. 512 00:18:53,350 --> 00:18:55,449 This is actually a point of pride for the 513 00:18:55,450 --> 00:18:56,439 producers. 514 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:58,449 So you can find, 515 00:18:58,450 --> 00:18:59,939 yeah, every part of it. 516 00:18:59,940 --> 00:19:01,630 So this is the kind engine. 517 00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:04,839 And you can see here where all the 518 00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,899 components of the awoken engine are made 519 00:19:07,900 --> 00:19:10,059 is actually no longer current because as 520 00:19:10,060 --> 00:19:12,489 far as I know, the oxygen pump will be 521 00:19:12,490 --> 00:19:15,249 built in, will be built in Germany, 522 00:19:15,250 --> 00:19:17,769 and they traded it for some 523 00:19:17,770 --> 00:19:19,809 plants that were later announced. 524 00:19:19,810 --> 00:19:22,239 Between all this, where 525 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:24,369 Germany was supposed to build casings 526 00:19:24,370 --> 00:19:26,829 for this motor and so on and so forth. 527 00:19:26,830 --> 00:19:28,959 There's a lot of political 528 00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:30,759 to and fro. 529 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:32,799 This is in this the case in Europe 530 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,049 between different European countries. 531 00:19:35,050 --> 00:19:36,969 In United States, you have something 532 00:19:36,970 --> 00:19:39,219 similar between the different 533 00:19:39,220 --> 00:19:40,480 states in the US. 534 00:19:41,950 --> 00:19:44,109 And it really increased this 535 00:19:44,110 --> 00:19:45,819 cost. Who would have thought 536 00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:49,749 what kind of engine if you have a problem 537 00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:51,549 with trust? 538 00:19:51,550 --> 00:19:53,319 Well, what could it be? 539 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:55,029 Well, maybe it's the turbine. 540 00:19:55,030 --> 00:19:56,109 The turbine drives the 541 00:19:56,110 --> 00:19:57,160 pumps 40 542 00:19:58,270 --> 00:20:00,429 for the fuel, the fuel pumps, 543 00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,789 the hydrogen pumps and the oxygen pumps. 544 00:20:03,790 --> 00:20:05,949 And so you call up 545 00:20:05,950 --> 00:20:08,019 Sweden. I want to check 546 00:20:08,020 --> 00:20:10,149 your turbine and maybe you 547 00:20:10,150 --> 00:20:11,349 find out. No, it has 548 00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:13,239 nothing to do with the turbine. 549 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:14,559 It's actually the hydrogen pump. 550 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:15,970 So you have to call to France. 551 00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:19,749 Or maybe it's the gas generator. 552 00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:21,879 In this case, you're lucky because it's 553 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:23,409 also in France, but it could be the 554 00:20:23,410 --> 00:20:25,779 oxygen pump and it's not actually 555 00:20:25,780 --> 00:20:26,859 made in Italy anymore. 556 00:20:26,860 --> 00:20:29,019 So you have to call Germany and so 557 00:20:29,020 --> 00:20:29,979 on and so forth. 558 00:20:29,980 --> 00:20:31,779 And that's just for one engine. 559 00:20:31,780 --> 00:20:33,849 And if you have any problem 560 00:20:33,850 --> 00:20:36,249 with this rocket, you're very likely 561 00:20:36,250 --> 00:20:38,229 to have to call another country, another 562 00:20:38,230 --> 00:20:40,299 company in another country and 563 00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:42,459 another country, probably in a different 564 00:20:42,460 --> 00:20:43,269 language. 565 00:20:43,270 --> 00:20:45,579 And yes, 566 00:20:45,580 --> 00:20:47,409 it's it's a bit of a miracle that it 567 00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:49,599 works at all, but it 568 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:50,199 works. 569 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:51,400 But it's not cheap 570 00:20:53,170 --> 00:20:55,569 and everybody 571 00:20:55,570 --> 00:20:57,129 in ESA is aware of you. 572 00:20:57,130 --> 00:20:58,119 Talk about that. 573 00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:00,309 If you talk to people who are working 574 00:21:00,310 --> 00:21:01,599 on these rockets. 575 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:03,819 They know very well they could be much 576 00:21:03,820 --> 00:21:04,820 cheaper than. 577 00:21:07,670 --> 00:21:10,219 Well, let's talk about different rocket. 578 00:21:10,220 --> 00:21:11,839 This is the rocket that was used to 579 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:13,039 launch 580 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:16,279 the latest Mars space probe. 581 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:18,260 This is my insight 582 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,079 and you might think, well, it's a big 583 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:23,479 rocket, but it's like a really small 584 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:23,839 space 585 00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:26,059 probe. Surely this must be some figment 586 00:21:26,060 --> 00:21:27,379 of the imagination. 587 00:21:27,380 --> 00:21:28,939 Probably it's much, much bigger. 588 00:21:28,940 --> 00:21:30,259 And the artist made a mistake. 589 00:21:30,260 --> 00:21:31,759 But no, 590 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:33,049 no, it's really that small. 591 00:21:33,050 --> 00:21:35,149 And it's about, I 592 00:21:35,150 --> 00:21:37,879 think, seven or eight hundred kilograms 593 00:21:37,880 --> 00:21:40,069 and this rocket, 594 00:21:40,070 --> 00:21:42,469 the way it's configured, you could 595 00:21:42,470 --> 00:21:44,869 at least put another 1.5 tonnes 596 00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:45,889 more to Mars. 597 00:21:47,420 --> 00:21:49,729 So there was room, 598 00:21:49,730 --> 00:21:50,989 there was a lot of room to 599 00:21:50,990 --> 00:21:52,369 to occupy this. 600 00:21:52,370 --> 00:21:54,439 And you know, you could you 601 00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:55,939 have 1.5 tons. 602 00:21:55,940 --> 00:21:57,049 So what do you do? 603 00:21:57,050 --> 00:21:59,599 You put a different space probe, maybe 604 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:00,379 into it 605 00:22:00,380 --> 00:22:02,869 and send it also to Mars because 606 00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:04,819 finally have a chance to get a big chunk 607 00:22:04,820 --> 00:22:06,469 of metal or something to Mars. 608 00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:08,269 Anything you want? 609 00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:09,619 What did NASA's do? 610 00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:10,099 Well, they 611 00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:12,259 sent two small CubeSats to 612 00:22:12,260 --> 00:22:14,389 Mars, and they're quite proud 613 00:22:14,390 --> 00:22:16,039 of it. And I can understand 614 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:18,079 that, especially the teams that built 615 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:20,149 those. They are quite proud of it and 616 00:22:20,150 --> 00:22:22,069 quite rightfully so, because it's the 617 00:22:22,070 --> 00:22:24,739 first time that a small cubesat was 618 00:22:24,740 --> 00:22:26,869 sent to Mars so far away 619 00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:28,879 and transmitted data, and 620 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:29,869 that worked very well. 621 00:22:29,870 --> 00:22:32,029 But what about the other 1.5 622 00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:33,199 tons? 623 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,419 As a matter of fact, you could have put 624 00:22:35,420 --> 00:22:37,519 at least one, maybe two or 625 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:38,520 even three 626 00:22:39,410 --> 00:22:41,719 additional landers on Mars on the same 627 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:42,720 rocket. 628 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:45,259 There's a lot of 629 00:22:45,260 --> 00:22:47,690 waste going on in this space, 630 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:49,369 and we're not even 631 00:22:49,370 --> 00:22:50,869 talking about the price of this rocket. 632 00:22:59,030 --> 00:23:00,030 Yeah. 633 00:23:02,660 --> 00:23:05,799 You when you have so much mass, 634 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:06,849 you could 635 00:23:06,850 --> 00:23:08,140 change the way you build 636 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:10,869 such probes or satellites 637 00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:14,259 because right now, the reason why this 638 00:23:14,260 --> 00:23:14,979 is 639 00:23:14,980 --> 00:23:17,439 800kg is because 640 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,959 when they constructed a space probe, they 641 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:22,119 tried to save as much weight as possible. 642 00:23:22,120 --> 00:23:24,219 And a lot of 643 00:23:24,220 --> 00:23:26,169 effort is put into every single 644 00:23:26,170 --> 00:23:28,269 satellite, every single space mission to 645 00:23:28,270 --> 00:23:29,829 save weight. 646 00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:32,079 Every kilogram counts or so, it seems. 647 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:35,799 But if you look at a rocket like this is 648 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,079 point 1.5 tons that are wasted, 649 00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:39,039 essentially. 650 00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,139 So what was 651 00:23:41,140 --> 00:23:43,329 your point in saving all of this mass? 652 00:23:44,650 --> 00:23:45,910 There isn't very much to it. 653 00:23:49,230 --> 00:23:52,259 Also, remember that a lot of rockets 654 00:23:52,260 --> 00:23:53,260 are built with 655 00:23:54,360 --> 00:23:56,429 island, not in a maximum 656 00:23:56,430 --> 00:23:58,379 configuration, so you could with very 657 00:23:58,380 --> 00:24:00,689 little extra expense, increase 658 00:24:00,690 --> 00:24:01,690 the payload. 659 00:24:02,820 --> 00:24:05,129 Instead, you could choose 660 00:24:05,130 --> 00:24:06,149 a different concept. 661 00:24:06,150 --> 00:24:08,279 And right now, 662 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:10,139 there are not many 663 00:24:10,140 --> 00:24:11,999 manufacturers that do this on a large 664 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,219 scale. But there's one manufacturer that 665 00:24:14,220 --> 00:24:17,009 I found that I interviewed 666 00:24:17,010 --> 00:24:19,619 where they do it on a small scale. 667 00:24:19,620 --> 00:24:22,379 This is burn space technologies, 668 00:24:22,380 --> 00:24:24,119 and this is one of the satellites they 669 00:24:24,120 --> 00:24:26,219 built and doesn't show up very nicely 670 00:24:26,220 --> 00:24:28,409 here. Unfortunately, 671 00:24:28,410 --> 00:24:30,599 it's a satellite about this big half 672 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:32,909 a meter weighs about 673 00:24:32,910 --> 00:24:34,739 70 kilograms, 674 00:24:34,740 --> 00:24:36,359 and they actually 675 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:37,769 launched one of those already. 676 00:24:37,770 --> 00:24:40,259 And it's a modular system. 677 00:24:40,260 --> 00:24:41,429 It's just a 678 00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:42,839 box. 679 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:44,579 It's a box with lots of little 680 00:24:44,580 --> 00:24:45,839 components inside of it 681 00:24:47,490 --> 00:24:49,410 that can be put into different places 682 00:24:50,790 --> 00:24:51,790 and. 683 00:24:52,510 --> 00:24:54,309 This means that you waste a lot of 684 00:24:54,310 --> 00:24:55,310 weight, 685 00:24:56,110 --> 00:24:57,339 because when you 686 00:24:57,340 --> 00:24:59,289 construct a satellite, you have to make 687 00:24:59,290 --> 00:25:01,509 sure that all the mass is distributed 688 00:25:01,510 --> 00:25:03,879 equally evenly 689 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,249 and you have to look at 690 00:25:06,250 --> 00:25:08,769 every system that works correctly 691 00:25:08,770 --> 00:25:10,119 with all the other systems. 692 00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:11,439 And as soon as you have to change 693 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:12,440 something, 694 00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:15,309 you have to start essentially start the 695 00:25:15,310 --> 00:25:17,469 construction all over again because 696 00:25:17,470 --> 00:25:19,809 you now have to shift all 697 00:25:19,810 --> 00:25:21,759 the weight, the whole weight distribution 698 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:22,959 inside of it. 699 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:25,779 If you don't want to waste any mass, 700 00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:26,889 what you can do 701 00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:29,049 is you can just put some weights 702 00:25:29,050 --> 00:25:31,239 into the satellite box and 703 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:33,519 shift them around each 704 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:35,079 time you have to change a component 705 00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:38,169 and you can do this and they do 706 00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:40,329 it by, for example, taking their 707 00:25:40,330 --> 00:25:41,709 batteries and putting them into a 708 00:25:41,710 --> 00:25:43,689 different spot and the spots is already 709 00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:45,190 designated. It's not. 710 00:25:46,360 --> 00:25:47,410 It's not like this. 711 00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:51,309 It's not so tightly built that 712 00:25:51,310 --> 00:25:53,289 there's no room to put it elsewhere. 713 00:25:53,290 --> 00:25:55,059 They just made room for it. 714 00:25:55,060 --> 00:25:56,769 That means the box is bigger. 715 00:25:56,770 --> 00:25:58,839 That means that the whole the 716 00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:00,909 whole satellite will weigh more 717 00:26:00,910 --> 00:26:02,949 and you will need more mass to achieve 718 00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:04,660 the same, the same goals. 719 00:26:05,860 --> 00:26:07,989 But it 720 00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:10,299 gets cheaper because now 721 00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:13,029 you can have your box and 722 00:26:13,030 --> 00:26:16,449 build it for different configurations 723 00:26:16,450 --> 00:26:18,549 and just quantify it 724 00:26:18,550 --> 00:26:20,199 once. And when you have to change 725 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:21,489 something, 726 00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,079 you change it and you're 727 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:25,359 not leaving the scope that you qualified 728 00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:27,279 your box for your entire satellite for. 729 00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:31,569 Also, what they do is 730 00:26:31,570 --> 00:26:33,490 they use very simple technology. 731 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:36,069 When you look at 732 00:26:37,180 --> 00:26:38,889 this, the camera, and it doesn't hold up 733 00:26:38,890 --> 00:26:40,209 very nicely here, 734 00:26:40,210 --> 00:26:42,459 but if you see it in person, 735 00:26:42,460 --> 00:26:43,059 it really 736 00:26:43,060 --> 00:26:45,159 looks like somebody took a 737 00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:47,289 regular photo lands and put it 738 00:26:47,290 --> 00:26:48,249 into a satellite. 739 00:26:48,250 --> 00:26:50,259 And you could be forgiven for thinking 740 00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:51,789 that because that's what they did. 741 00:26:52,810 --> 00:26:55,089 It's a photo lens that's about 742 00:26:55,090 --> 00:26:57,339 this big ten centimeters 743 00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,619 across, and it's enough that from 744 00:26:59,620 --> 00:27:02,079 a 500 kilometer high orbit, 745 00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:04,089 you can take pictures with a resolution 746 00:27:04,090 --> 00:27:06,159 of about five meters 747 00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:07,929 in many other satellites. 748 00:27:07,930 --> 00:27:09,759 There are specially built optics just for 749 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:10,760 this, 750 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:14,179 but you can use 751 00:27:14,180 --> 00:27:15,969 the commercially available technology, 752 00:27:15,970 --> 00:27:18,039 just like for common 753 00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:20,199 consumer grade camera. 754 00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:22,329 But you have to check that it actually 755 00:27:22,330 --> 00:27:24,399 works in a vacuum because there might be 756 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:26,229 some sealant, some lubricant or something 757 00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:28,599 like that that evaporates in the vacuum 758 00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:30,290 and way that operates in a vacuum. 759 00:27:31,630 --> 00:27:33,909 Just a little fine mist might 760 00:27:33,910 --> 00:27:35,979 deposit on the lenses and lock them up or 761 00:27:35,980 --> 00:27:37,089 something like that. 762 00:27:37,090 --> 00:27:38,380 And you have to check all that, 763 00:27:40,150 --> 00:27:42,190 but you can make it quite cheap that way. 764 00:27:43,450 --> 00:27:45,459 It is also a very nice piece. 765 00:27:45,460 --> 00:27:47,739 This the Star Trek I used. 766 00:27:47,740 --> 00:27:50,079 Star trackers are essentially cameras 767 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,089 that look at star constellations, and 768 00:27:52,090 --> 00:27:54,069 from these star constellations, you can 769 00:27:54,070 --> 00:27:56,259 tell that where where 770 00:27:56,260 --> 00:27:57,969 your satellite is pointing 771 00:28:00,820 --> 00:28:02,979 and what it essentially is, it's 772 00:28:02,980 --> 00:28:03,099 a 773 00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:05,379 camera and a very small camera at 774 00:28:05,380 --> 00:28:07,689 that. And what they used is 775 00:28:07,690 --> 00:28:08,690 a little board, 776 00:28:09,820 --> 00:28:10,779 and this looks 777 00:28:10,780 --> 00:28:12,609 like the camera board you would have in 778 00:28:12,610 --> 00:28:14,229 one of your smartphones. 779 00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:16,569 And that's because that's what it is. 780 00:28:16,570 --> 00:28:17,570 They essentially use 781 00:28:19,420 --> 00:28:21,249 camera board from a smart from a 782 00:28:21,250 --> 00:28:23,619 smartphone, put a different lens 783 00:28:23,620 --> 00:28:25,299 on top of it. 784 00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,059 Um, much better lens, 785 00:28:28,060 --> 00:28:30,129 higher. It gets more light on 786 00:28:30,130 --> 00:28:31,720 the sensor, and 787 00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:35,019 the hardware cost is quite cheap. 788 00:28:35,020 --> 00:28:36,189 It's like few dollars. 789 00:28:36,190 --> 00:28:38,229 The problem here is you have to do all 790 00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:39,429 the engineering, you have to do the 791 00:28:39,430 --> 00:28:41,739 software and 792 00:28:41,740 --> 00:28:43,539 this is what costs the money here. 793 00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:48,639 Another example is reaction 794 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:51,189 wheels. Reaction wheels are 795 00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,679 a wheel that you spin, and because 796 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:55,839 you spin the wheel in one direction, 797 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:57,399 the satellite will tend to spin in the 798 00:28:57,400 --> 00:28:58,779 other direction. And that way you 799 00:28:58,780 --> 00:28:59,709 control. 800 00:28:59,710 --> 00:29:01,779 You can control how the satellite is 801 00:29:01,780 --> 00:29:02,780 pointed in space, 802 00:29:04,150 --> 00:29:06,249 and usually you would 803 00:29:06,250 --> 00:29:08,799 take a reaction wheel and 804 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:10,149 make it so you can. 805 00:29:10,150 --> 00:29:12,160 It works in space, in vacuum. 806 00:29:13,510 --> 00:29:15,129 That's a problem because you have to have 807 00:29:15,130 --> 00:29:16,720 some sort of lubrication 808 00:29:17,740 --> 00:29:20,199 because you have to spin those wheels and 809 00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:21,819 they will touch something and there 810 00:29:21,820 --> 00:29:23,559 should not be too much friction between 811 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:24,309 it. 812 00:29:24,310 --> 00:29:25,749 Well, on Earth, here 813 00:29:25,750 --> 00:29:27,279 we have solve these problems. 814 00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:29,529 We have a lot of absolutely 815 00:29:29,530 --> 00:29:31,599 fine lubricants that can work for 816 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:33,969 years on end. No problem, 817 00:29:33,970 --> 00:29:36,579 but in vacuum, it's a different story. 818 00:29:36,580 --> 00:29:39,129 So instead of trying to find a vacuum 819 00:29:39,130 --> 00:29:41,499 capable lubricant 820 00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:43,569 or something like that, they just put 821 00:29:43,570 --> 00:29:45,789 a box around it 822 00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:49,089 wasted another one or two kilograms 823 00:29:49,090 --> 00:29:51,539 of of mass and. 824 00:29:51,540 --> 00:29:53,369 Put an end to it and solve the problem 825 00:29:53,370 --> 00:29:55,469 that way, which is 826 00:29:55,470 --> 00:29:57,569 very elegant and easy solution to a 827 00:29:57,570 --> 00:29:58,570 problem 828 00:29:59,850 --> 00:30:01,470 that you would normally have to solve, 829 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:05,009 especially when you look at missions like 830 00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:07,139 the Kepler space telescope 831 00:30:07,140 --> 00:30:09,269 recently or the Dawn mission. 832 00:30:09,270 --> 00:30:11,279 They had huge problems because they were 833 00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:13,559 in vacuum and 834 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:15,689 in vacuum. You don't get 835 00:30:15,690 --> 00:30:17,699 to have the luxury that when you have a 836 00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,639 static charge, it eventually dissipates. 837 00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,089 You know, you have an electric charge and 838 00:30:24,090 --> 00:30:24,899 because it 839 00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:27,809 conducts electricity 840 00:30:27,810 --> 00:30:28,799 very badly, 841 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,619 but at least a bit eventually, 842 00:30:31,620 --> 00:30:32,669 when you have something that is 843 00:30:32,670 --> 00:30:34,829 electrically charged, it will 844 00:30:34,830 --> 00:30:37,049 it will well dissipate 845 00:30:37,050 --> 00:30:39,869 the charge and we're equalized. 846 00:30:39,870 --> 00:30:41,129 We have it in vacuum. 847 00:30:41,130 --> 00:30:43,049 This doesn't happen, and the only way it 848 00:30:43,050 --> 00:30:45,929 can happen is through discharges. 849 00:30:45,930 --> 00:30:48,089 And it turns out in these ball 850 00:30:48,090 --> 00:30:50,159 bearings that you have a very small 851 00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:52,019 differences between the ball bearings and 852 00:30:52,020 --> 00:30:54,479 the walls of micro 853 00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:56,759 meters. And when you have micrometers, 854 00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,249 you can get extremely high field strength 855 00:30:59,250 --> 00:31:01,739 just from small voltages 856 00:31:01,740 --> 00:31:03,869 like one or two votes, difference between 857 00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:06,269 the ball bearings and the center of the 858 00:31:06,270 --> 00:31:07,949 of the wheel. 859 00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:10,139 And you can get arcs and 860 00:31:10,140 --> 00:31:12,719 these arcs canals, the ball bearings 861 00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:14,699 and caused higher friction. 862 00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:17,309 And they found out the hard way 863 00:31:17,310 --> 00:31:20,099 by essentially 864 00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:21,959 essentially screwing up zero emissions 865 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:23,039 after a couple of years. 866 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:24,960 And they only found out by 867 00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:29,189 by looking at 868 00:31:29,190 --> 00:31:31,409 when the reaction wheels failed 869 00:31:31,410 --> 00:31:32,669 in space. 870 00:31:32,670 --> 00:31:34,919 And solar storms and the solar 871 00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:37,439 storms consist of charged particles, 872 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:40,199 and they charged up to the satellite 873 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,419 and cause there's this thing to 874 00:31:42,420 --> 00:31:43,420 happen. 875 00:31:44,310 --> 00:31:46,649 And I really like that 876 00:31:46,650 --> 00:31:47,759 kind of modulated 877 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:49,829 approach, even though it's much more 878 00:31:49,830 --> 00:31:51,869 expensive, much more expensive in terms 879 00:31:51,870 --> 00:31:54,119 of the mass they will cause, much 880 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:56,279 less engineering can be qualified much 881 00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:58,469 more easily for 882 00:31:58,470 --> 00:32:01,259 for continued looking 883 00:32:01,260 --> 00:32:03,390 for new missions for reuse. 884 00:32:05,910 --> 00:32:08,219 Finally, I want to talk 885 00:32:08,220 --> 00:32:10,949 about two missions that 886 00:32:10,950 --> 00:32:13,949 really kind of took this approach 887 00:32:13,950 --> 00:32:14,950 from India. 888 00:32:16,290 --> 00:32:18,599 India has 889 00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,669 actually a fairly unknown 890 00:32:20,670 --> 00:32:23,669 but quite viable space program. 891 00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:26,129 And what they did, they send 892 00:32:26,130 --> 00:32:27,869 one mission to the Moon and another one 893 00:32:27,870 --> 00:32:28,890 to to Mars. 894 00:32:30,180 --> 00:32:31,139 And what those are is 895 00:32:31,140 --> 00:32:32,879 essentially a satellite that they already 896 00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:33,880 had 897 00:32:35,670 --> 00:32:37,859 like telecommunication satellite, and 898 00:32:37,860 --> 00:32:40,409 they made room for cameras 899 00:32:40,410 --> 00:32:42,539 and other instruments 900 00:32:42,540 --> 00:32:43,709 when they send it to 901 00:32:43,710 --> 00:32:45,239 to the Moon. This work quite well. 902 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:47,669 They had about 903 00:32:47,670 --> 00:32:49,659 80 kilograms of payload in their 904 00:32:49,660 --> 00:32:50,759 scientific payload. 905 00:32:53,730 --> 00:32:55,889 When they send it to Mars, they had a bit 906 00:32:55,890 --> 00:32:58,079 a somewhat bigger problem. 907 00:32:58,080 --> 00:32:59,190 And the problem was 908 00:33:00,420 --> 00:33:03,689 it takes more energy to get to Mars and 909 00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:05,819 the Indian rockets. 910 00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:08,009 The heavier Indian rockets were not 911 00:33:08,010 --> 00:33:10,199 quite reliable enough when they when 912 00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:11,339 they start to launch this. 913 00:33:13,140 --> 00:33:15,060 And so they had to use the small rocket. 914 00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:17,849 And these satellites were built for a 915 00:33:17,850 --> 00:33:19,919 small rocket, but they were built to go 916 00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:22,559 to a geostationary orbit. 917 00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:24,929 Now, it turns out, and the 918 00:33:24,930 --> 00:33:27,029 geostationary orbit is the orbit that you 919 00:33:27,030 --> 00:33:28,589 use for two satellites 920 00:33:29,830 --> 00:33:31,949 kind of orbit, where the satellite 921 00:33:31,950 --> 00:33:34,499 just stays on one spot in the sky. 922 00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:36,929 No, it turns out any 923 00:33:36,930 --> 00:33:39,239 satellite that can do that that can get 924 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:41,039 into this kind of orbit 925 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:41,759 has enough 926 00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,159 energy and enough fuel to get to the Moon 927 00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:46,049 or even get to Mars 928 00:33:48,060 --> 00:33:49,680 because it's quite demanding mission. 929 00:33:51,020 --> 00:33:53,179 The problem, then, is only to get into 930 00:33:53,180 --> 00:33:55,369 an orbit around the Moon 931 00:33:55,370 --> 00:33:56,959 or Mars, and 932 00:33:58,070 --> 00:33:59,929 so getting to Mars is not the problem. 933 00:33:59,930 --> 00:34:01,879 Getting into a good orbit around Mars, 934 00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:03,409 that is that was the problem. 935 00:34:03,410 --> 00:34:05,509 And actually, 936 00:34:05,510 --> 00:34:06,439 this is Mangalyaan. 937 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:08,329 That's the that's the Mars mission 938 00:34:10,429 --> 00:34:10,789 only 939 00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:13,569 has to, I think, 12 kilograms of payload 940 00:34:13,570 --> 00:34:15,649 on onboard because of that 941 00:34:15,650 --> 00:34:17,749 because they really had to use most 942 00:34:17,750 --> 00:34:19,729 of the fuel just to get into any kind of 943 00:34:19,730 --> 00:34:20,730 orbit. 944 00:34:25,659 --> 00:34:27,908 So, OK, I hope 945 00:34:27,909 --> 00:34:29,289 you have some questions 946 00:34:30,340 --> 00:34:31,340 so I can answer them. 947 00:34:32,790 --> 00:34:33,790 You can't. 948 00:34:38,610 --> 00:34:40,979 Yeah, first of all, thank you so much 949 00:34:40,980 --> 00:34:42,448 for this talk. 950 00:34:42,449 --> 00:34:45,178 Hopefully, there's some questions 951 00:34:45,179 --> 00:34:46,379 from the audience. 952 00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:47,780 Please don't be shy. 953 00:34:52,770 --> 00:34:54,149 Yes, this is Don. 954 00:34:54,150 --> 00:34:55,738 Hi, thank you for the talk. 955 00:34:55,739 --> 00:34:58,289 My question would be, you said that mass 956 00:34:58,290 --> 00:35:01,229 production of rocket engines 957 00:35:01,230 --> 00:35:03,179 allows you to cut down costs. 958 00:35:03,180 --> 00:35:05,279 So why did they even use 959 00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:06,690 bigger engines? 960 00:35:08,490 --> 00:35:11,279 The original reason was that 961 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:13,409 you only have one one engine, so 962 00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:14,790 only one engine can fail. 963 00:35:16,020 --> 00:35:16,919 OK, thank you. 964 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:19,049 That is essentially that that was the 965 00:35:19,050 --> 00:35:21,269 reasoning they used for a very 966 00:35:21,270 --> 00:35:23,159 long time, and it was supposed to be man 967 00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:25,379 rated, so people were supposed 968 00:35:25,380 --> 00:35:26,909 to go on this. 969 00:35:26,910 --> 00:35:28,590 Of course, it's also women rated. 970 00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:32,489 It's a it's a pretty old concept. 971 00:35:32,490 --> 00:35:34,709 So yeah, they still call it manned 972 00:35:34,710 --> 00:35:35,710 rating, 973 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:38,819 and they hope to improve the reliability 974 00:35:38,820 --> 00:35:40,469 of the whole system. 975 00:35:40,470 --> 00:35:42,360 But it turns out that 976 00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,469 a lot of the a lot of the rockets that 977 00:35:46,470 --> 00:35:48,659 actually used a lot of engines 978 00:35:48,660 --> 00:35:51,119 were just as reliable as 979 00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:52,979 rockets that used just a single engine 980 00:35:52,980 --> 00:35:54,389 and one in one stage. 981 00:35:56,010 --> 00:35:58,259 And Ariane four itself was 982 00:35:58,260 --> 00:35:59,879 a pretty good example for that. 983 00:36:00,990 --> 00:36:03,449 Even though I have had 984 00:36:03,450 --> 00:36:04,619 a lot of I did 985 00:36:04,620 --> 00:36:06,659 a lot of talking to people from East Side 986 00:36:06,660 --> 00:36:08,969 canals and others, and a lot of people 987 00:36:08,970 --> 00:36:11,159 would tell me, Oh, that's you cannot 988 00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:13,349 use nine engines like in Falcon 989 00:36:13,350 --> 00:36:14,999 nine rocket. 990 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,909 That would be too unreliable, 991 00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:18,929 but actually OK. 992 00:36:18,930 --> 00:36:20,639 And the Falcon nine, they had a different 993 00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:22,829 track and they made 994 00:36:22,830 --> 00:36:25,469 sure they could still launch 995 00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:27,779 with or they could have one engine 996 00:36:27,780 --> 00:36:30,119 fail and still continue to continue 997 00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:31,439 to launch. 998 00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:33,509 Unlike Ariane four, 999 00:36:33,510 --> 00:36:35,879 where occasionally they had failures, 1000 00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:38,069 I think one or two failures of 1001 00:36:38,070 --> 00:36:40,139 engines and that actually aborted the 1002 00:36:40,140 --> 00:36:42,329 mission because it wasn't 1003 00:36:42,330 --> 00:36:43,229 made for that. 1004 00:36:43,230 --> 00:36:44,459 OK, thank you. 1005 00:36:44,460 --> 00:36:44,909 Yeah. 1006 00:36:44,910 --> 00:36:46,019 Thanks for your question. 1007 00:36:46,020 --> 00:36:47,459 Next question of. 1008 00:36:47,460 --> 00:36:49,529 And one reminder you can also ask 1009 00:36:49,530 --> 00:36:50,789 questions. 1010 00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:52,469 Yeah. From the internet if you're 1011 00:36:52,470 --> 00:36:54,539 watching the stream, so please contact 1012 00:36:54,540 --> 00:36:55,540 our signal engine. 1013 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,279 What type of justifications do the space 1014 00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:01,529 agencies give for 1015 00:37:01,530 --> 00:37:03,539 not filling up the payloads? 1016 00:37:03,540 --> 00:37:05,609 Do they risk, you 1017 00:37:05,610 --> 00:37:07,559 know, satellites interfering with each 1018 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:09,779 other or anything like that in 1019 00:37:09,780 --> 00:37:10,619 in this case, 1020 00:37:10,620 --> 00:37:11,939 they didn't give any kind of 1021 00:37:11,940 --> 00:37:12,940 justification. 1022 00:37:13,950 --> 00:37:15,719 Instead, they launch this from the west 1023 00:37:15,720 --> 00:37:17,819 coast of the United States and 1024 00:37:17,820 --> 00:37:20,009 said, Look, it's the first 1025 00:37:20,010 --> 00:37:21,719 time we launched a rocket from the West 1026 00:37:21,720 --> 00:37:23,939 and Interplanetary Space 1027 00:37:23,940 --> 00:37:25,739 Probe from the west coast of the United 1028 00:37:25,740 --> 00:37:26,740 States. 1029 00:37:27,540 --> 00:37:28,709 Of course, they could only do this 1030 00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:31,289 because they have had so much performance 1031 00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:32,290 margin. 1032 00:37:33,420 --> 00:37:35,559 And usually you would go for 1033 00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:37,829 the East Coast and launch 1034 00:37:37,830 --> 00:37:40,079 the rocket towards the east, which is 1035 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:42,149 along with the rotation of the Earth, 1036 00:37:42,150 --> 00:37:44,489 and get an additional 1037 00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:46,649 boost of speed just 1038 00:37:46,650 --> 00:37:48,089 from the rotation of the Earth. 1039 00:37:48,090 --> 00:37:50,129 And they just said, Well, we don't need 1040 00:37:50,130 --> 00:37:51,879 that, so we can also launch it from the 1041 00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:53,999 West Coast. And now they made a big deal 1042 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,129 of. Yeah, it's the first time that we 1043 00:37:56,130 --> 00:37:57,659 had an interplanetary mission from the 1044 00:37:57,660 --> 00:37:59,760 West Coast, but it's well, 1045 00:38:00,780 --> 00:38:02,460 it's quite this ingenious. 1046 00:38:05,330 --> 00:38:06,709 Thanks for your question. 1047 00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:07,849 Next one. 1048 00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:09,529 Yes, thanks for the great talk. 1049 00:38:09,530 --> 00:38:11,119 Newman, you were talking about the 1050 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:13,819 problems with friction and lubrication. 1051 00:38:13,820 --> 00:38:15,799 And the interesting solution that you 1052 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,649 showed near the end of your talk. 1053 00:38:17,650 --> 00:38:19,639 I'm curious, what kind of solutions did 1054 00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:21,799 they use for friction 1055 00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:23,659 other than that other than putting it in 1056 00:38:23,660 --> 00:38:25,729 the can that was pressurized? 1057 00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:26,899 How do you prevent 1058 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:30,589 the evaporation of the lubricant 1059 00:38:30,590 --> 00:38:32,389 or do they use some method that doesn't 1060 00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:33,559 use the lubricant? 1061 00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:35,779 I think they found lubricants 1062 00:38:35,780 --> 00:38:37,429 that were quite well or 1063 00:38:38,810 --> 00:38:41,149 I think they're also they're also 1064 00:38:41,150 --> 00:38:43,489 ceramic ball bearings 1065 00:38:43,490 --> 00:38:44,689 that they are now using. 1066 00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:47,089 And they also have the 1067 00:38:47,090 --> 00:38:48,859 added advantage that they don't conduct 1068 00:38:48,860 --> 00:38:50,539 electricity so they don't get the 1069 00:38:50,540 --> 00:38:52,789 charging that led to the failure 1070 00:38:52,790 --> 00:38:55,399 of Kepler and dawn. 1071 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,019 Ceramic ball bearings don't need to be 1072 00:38:57,020 --> 00:38:58,189 lubricated. 1073 00:38:58,190 --> 00:39:00,289 I think, and not entirely sure, 1074 00:39:00,290 --> 00:39:01,189 but I think they have. 1075 00:39:01,190 --> 00:39:03,799 They have vacuum capable application 1076 00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:05,209 lubrication. 1077 00:39:05,210 --> 00:39:06,210 Thank you. 1078 00:39:08,780 --> 00:39:11,059 Thank you for your questions. 1079 00:39:11,060 --> 00:39:13,909 I think if no one now is 1080 00:39:13,910 --> 00:39:16,189 like jumping up and saying, yes, 1081 00:39:16,190 --> 00:39:17,239 I have another one. 1082 00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,929 OK, then you 1083 00:39:20,930 --> 00:39:21,930 would 1084 00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,499 just be friends and thank you 1085 00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:26,119 for your talk. It was incredibly 1086 00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:28,339 interesting, obviously awesome 1087 00:39:28,340 --> 00:39:30,919 rock and science pictures. 1088 00:39:30,920 --> 00:39:32,389 Incredible. Incredible. 1089 00:39:32,390 --> 00:39:33,499 Thank you for that. 1090 00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:35,989 So give a very warm 1091 00:39:35,990 --> 00:39:38,000 round of applause for our speaker.