0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:30,000 Dear viewer, these subtitles were generated by a machine via the service Trint and therefore are (very) buggy. If you are capable, please help us to create good quality subtitles: https://c3subtitles.de/talk/531 Thanks! 1 00:00:11,210 --> 00:00:13,369 OK, so I'm 2 00:00:13,370 --> 00:00:16,429 delighted to see so many people here 3 00:00:16,430 --> 00:00:18,499 in the morning kind of, 4 00:00:18,500 --> 00:00:20,809 um, wanting to hear a talk 5 00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:23,389 about Hannah Aron's political philosophy 6 00:00:23,390 --> 00:00:24,769 of privacy. 7 00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:26,819 This is Yulia Maria Munich. 8 00:00:26,820 --> 00:00:28,819 She has written her dissertation about 9 00:00:28,820 --> 00:00:30,919 this topic and about Hannah Arendt. 10 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:33,649 And I think she just 11 00:00:33,650 --> 00:00:34,759 was very successful. 12 00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:36,949 And I don't know what the title, again, 13 00:00:36,950 --> 00:00:38,960 in English is defending it. 14 00:00:40,370 --> 00:00:42,680 So give her a warm applause for that. 15 00:00:48,950 --> 00:00:51,319 And her current project is 16 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:54,199 called The Luxury of the Private Life, 17 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:55,969 a privilege for the Lucky Few. 18 00:00:55,970 --> 00:00:57,919 So maybe this is a question of her. 19 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:00,019 Talk to her talk will be all 20 00:01:00,020 --> 00:01:02,329 about the philosophical 21 00:01:02,330 --> 00:01:03,770 concept of privacy, 22 00:01:04,849 --> 00:01:07,009 why we need to protect it 23 00:01:07,010 --> 00:01:09,349 and why 24 00:01:09,350 --> 00:01:11,569 we need to protect it, because we want 25 00:01:11,570 --> 00:01:14,179 to prevent totally totalitarianism. 26 00:01:14,180 --> 00:01:16,639 Sorry, it's very early for me, too. 27 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:19,249 So I'm very 28 00:01:19,250 --> 00:01:21,439 yeah. Delighted to to hear that talk 29 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:23,059 because I'm a fan of Hannah Arendt 30 00:01:23,060 --> 00:01:24,259 myself. 31 00:01:24,260 --> 00:01:26,359 So it's your stage now 32 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:28,699 and have fun. 33 00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:29,700 Thanks. 34 00:01:35,310 --> 00:01:36,869 Thank you for the kind introduction. 35 00:01:36,870 --> 00:01:39,029 I'm very excited to be here and that 36 00:01:39,030 --> 00:01:41,399 the organizers picked my talk. 37 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:43,949 Um, yeah, you can see the 38 00:01:43,950 --> 00:01:46,109 topic and the title of my talk 39 00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:48,059 on my first slide. 40 00:01:48,060 --> 00:01:50,189 And I have to admit that there are 41 00:01:50,190 --> 00:01:52,379 already a few questionable 42 00:01:52,380 --> 00:01:53,879 points about it. 43 00:01:55,110 --> 00:01:57,599 Actually, all of them, as you can see 44 00:01:57,600 --> 00:01:58,709 now, I don't know. 45 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:02,329 Louder. Do you hear me now that 46 00:02:02,330 --> 00:02:03,989 the big speakers. 47 00:02:03,990 --> 00:02:04,990 OK, 48 00:02:06,490 --> 00:02:08,819 OK. So can you hear me better now? 49 00:02:08,820 --> 00:02:10,589 Should I speak louder? 50 00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:12,239 Does it help. 51 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:13,449 Yeah. OK. 52 00:02:13,450 --> 00:02:14,739 OK, thanks. 53 00:02:14,740 --> 00:02:15,740 You 54 00:02:19,980 --> 00:02:20,579 OK. 55 00:02:20,580 --> 00:02:22,679 Thanks. So if you can hear me 56 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:25,469 now, I'm going to tell you 57 00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:27,470 what you can question about my title 58 00:02:28,740 --> 00:02:30,960 first. It's a notion of household 59 00:02:31,980 --> 00:02:34,049 which has been criticized as 60 00:02:34,050 --> 00:02:36,379 a concept of privacy by 61 00:02:36,380 --> 00:02:37,799 the feminist feminists. 62 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,679 Sorry theorists. 63 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:42,839 If you say that the private realm is 64 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:44,939 just the household sphere, I'm 65 00:02:44,940 --> 00:02:46,229 going to come back to all of these 66 00:02:46,230 --> 00:02:48,419 topics. Just a brief 67 00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:50,939 idea on why every 68 00:02:50,940 --> 00:02:53,189 title can be questioned 69 00:02:53,190 --> 00:02:55,619 and then the totalitarianism point. 70 00:02:57,180 --> 00:02:58,229 I don't know if you know that 71 00:02:58,230 --> 00:03:00,419 totalitarianism is a term which 72 00:03:00,420 --> 00:03:01,420 has been 73 00:03:03,330 --> 00:03:05,519 defined in the 20th century to 74 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,909 describe what is common between 75 00:03:08,910 --> 00:03:11,519 what National Socialism 76 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:13,559 and socialism do have in common. 77 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:16,139 And that's why some people are 78 00:03:16,140 --> 00:03:17,969 not very happy with this talk. 79 00:03:17,970 --> 00:03:19,619 It was this term. Sorry. 80 00:03:19,620 --> 00:03:21,959 Um, and then the word cyberspace, 81 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,119 I guess. And this was this 82 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:26,399 audience. I don't have to explain 83 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:28,739 that it is rather old 84 00:03:28,740 --> 00:03:31,229 fashioned by now already 85 00:03:31,230 --> 00:03:32,879 like a 90s term. 86 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:35,129 And then I promise you that I'm going 87 00:03:35,130 --> 00:03:37,199 to talk about philosophical perspective 88 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:39,329 on privacy, but I'm going 89 00:03:39,330 --> 00:03:41,819 to talk about other concepts, too, 90 00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:44,579 because today's privacy research 91 00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,949 is very interdisciplinary. 92 00:03:46,950 --> 00:03:47,950 OK. 93 00:03:51,890 --> 00:03:53,570 OK, um, 94 00:03:54,980 --> 00:03:57,079 and that 95 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:58,159 might be too loud. 96 00:04:01,980 --> 00:04:03,959 OK, so I'm going to talk about the 97 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:06,539 definitions of other disciplines, 98 00:04:06,540 --> 00:04:08,249 too, is that my fault? 99 00:04:08,250 --> 00:04:11,099 No, it isn't. Um, and then yesterday, 100 00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:13,109 a person pointed out to me that even the 101 00:04:13,110 --> 00:04:15,209 word privacy, of course, is problematic 102 00:04:15,210 --> 00:04:17,489 in itself, because some people 103 00:04:17,490 --> 00:04:19,828 do claim that we are in a post privacy 104 00:04:19,829 --> 00:04:20,939 era now. 105 00:04:20,940 --> 00:04:22,739 And then. Hannah Arendt, as I'm going to 106 00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:25,619 explain later herself, is also 107 00:04:25,620 --> 00:04:28,559 a kind of problematic 108 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:29,939 theorist in some points. 109 00:04:32,190 --> 00:04:34,289 So what I'm going to do today is I'm 110 00:04:34,290 --> 00:04:36,629 trying to briefly define 111 00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:38,699 what privacy means 112 00:04:38,700 --> 00:04:40,979 and then I'm going to say what 113 00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:43,619 Hannah Arendt means by privacy, 114 00:04:43,620 --> 00:04:45,929 and then I hope I can make some points 115 00:04:45,930 --> 00:04:48,269 about why we need to protect privacy. 116 00:04:48,270 --> 00:04:50,939 And I'm going to draw on some examples 117 00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:53,339 from the current discussion 118 00:04:53,340 --> 00:04:54,340 today. 119 00:04:57,400 --> 00:04:59,619 So that's why if there is one thing that 120 00:04:59,620 --> 00:05:02,229 privacy scholars and privacy activists 121 00:05:02,230 --> 00:05:04,659 do agree on, then it is that privacy 122 00:05:04,660 --> 00:05:05,709 is hard to define. 123 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:09,549 And that's the reason why we very 124 00:05:09,550 --> 00:05:12,099 often use metaphors to describe 125 00:05:12,100 --> 00:05:14,439 the private, for example, the word 126 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:15,969 realms of private around the private 127 00:05:15,970 --> 00:05:18,069 sphere. Very often they are 128 00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:20,619 spatial images to grasp 129 00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:22,929 this concept of the private. 130 00:05:22,930 --> 00:05:25,209 And then there is another 131 00:05:25,210 --> 00:05:27,609 problem that is a German 132 00:05:27,610 --> 00:05:29,769 term that I use that are being used like 133 00:05:29,770 --> 00:05:32,379 Pivot's favor or cannibalized 134 00:05:32,380 --> 00:05:34,509 private labels, which is a term 135 00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:36,519 by the German Constitutional Court. 136 00:05:38,170 --> 00:05:40,329 They don't have the exact same meaning 137 00:05:40,330 --> 00:05:42,339 as the word privacy in English. 138 00:05:44,060 --> 00:05:46,369 So we have to deal with that, too, 139 00:05:46,370 --> 00:05:49,219 and a lot of these definitions are 140 00:05:49,220 --> 00:05:51,979 negative definitions, which means 141 00:05:51,980 --> 00:05:54,439 they do describe the opposite 142 00:05:54,440 --> 00:05:56,539 of the public or let's say 143 00:05:56,540 --> 00:05:58,669 the private is only defined 144 00:05:58,670 --> 00:06:00,859 as the opposite of the public, 145 00:06:02,210 --> 00:06:04,159 which, of course, poses the question 146 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,879 whether the private doesn't have a 147 00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:09,259 point in itself and and 148 00:06:09,260 --> 00:06:11,599 yet can be defined as a 149 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,309 concept by its own. 150 00:06:13,310 --> 00:06:16,429 Um, and attempts to define 151 00:06:16,430 --> 00:06:18,619 privacy are mostly 152 00:06:18,620 --> 00:06:19,629 normative, 153 00:06:21,170 --> 00:06:23,629 and some of them are descriptive. 154 00:06:23,630 --> 00:06:25,729 But as I brought this quote 155 00:06:25,730 --> 00:06:27,829 by the idea of Asla, as nothing 156 00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:29,479 belongs by nature in the realm of 157 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:31,249 private, of course those concepts are 158 00:06:31,250 --> 00:06:33,379 normative and very often they already 159 00:06:33,380 --> 00:06:35,119 claim that the private needs to be 160 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:36,729 protected. 161 00:06:36,730 --> 00:06:38,799 And there is a 162 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:41,319 close relation to other abstract 163 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:43,509 nouns like freedom and security, as, 164 00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:45,759 for example, you know, a lot of 165 00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:47,949 politicians try to tell us that 166 00:06:47,950 --> 00:06:50,349 we only can have one of them and not 167 00:06:50,350 --> 00:06:51,350 all together. 168 00:06:55,750 --> 00:06:58,809 So brief historical overview, 169 00:06:58,810 --> 00:07:02,169 the first definition 170 00:07:02,170 --> 00:07:04,869 of privacy can be seen 171 00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:07,479 in Aristotle's politics 172 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:09,819 when he describes the difference between 173 00:07:09,820 --> 00:07:11,799 the oil, which is the household, and the 174 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:14,859 policy, the political public sphere. 175 00:07:14,860 --> 00:07:16,419 But it has been questioned whether this 176 00:07:16,420 --> 00:07:18,549 is really the exact same thing 177 00:07:18,550 --> 00:07:20,139 that we do mean when we talk about 178 00:07:20,140 --> 00:07:22,739 privacy and public publicity today. 179 00:07:22,740 --> 00:07:24,879 Um, so in the medieval 180 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:26,019 times in the Middle Ages, 181 00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,009 the private public distinction didn't 182 00:07:30,010 --> 00:07:32,379 play a big role 183 00:07:32,380 --> 00:07:34,299 because the church was influencing 184 00:07:34,300 --> 00:07:36,639 everything. So it's actually 185 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:39,489 with the liberal theorists of the 186 00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:41,859 17th century that the real 187 00:07:41,860 --> 00:07:44,049 debate about public and 188 00:07:44,050 --> 00:07:46,239 private does begin, 189 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,249 even though some of them don't use the 190 00:07:48,250 --> 00:07:49,299 word privacy. 191 00:07:49,300 --> 00:07:51,279 For example, Thomas Hobbs, which I've 192 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:54,759 named here as a first example, 193 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:57,399 he talks about expression of free, 194 00:07:57,400 --> 00:07:59,410 free expression of mind and. 195 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,909 Um, about the 196 00:08:02,910 --> 00:08:04,999 religious freedom so that 197 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,919 that can be seen as a private, um. 198 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:10,019 And then at the end of the 19th 199 00:08:10,020 --> 00:08:12,509 century, a very influential 200 00:08:12,510 --> 00:08:14,549 paper by Samuel Warren and Louis 201 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:16,589 Brandeis, which some of you might know 202 00:08:16,590 --> 00:08:18,749 because they defined or they 203 00:08:18,750 --> 00:08:20,700 claimed a right to be, let alone. 204 00:08:21,850 --> 00:08:24,159 But those are lawyers, not philosophers, 205 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:25,160 so. 206 00:08:26,230 --> 00:08:28,959 And then in the 20th century, 207 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:31,419 I have another ileus 208 00:08:31,420 --> 00:08:33,759 who already 209 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:35,319 talked about the private before the 210 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:36,908 Second World War. 211 00:08:36,909 --> 00:08:39,308 But the others I've named here, they 212 00:08:39,309 --> 00:08:41,949 are dealing with the private 213 00:08:41,950 --> 00:08:44,109 in relation to what happened 214 00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:46,359 in the during the Second World War 215 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:47,919 or during the Shoah. 216 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:50,179 You have to say very important, 217 00:08:50,180 --> 00:08:51,759 sort of the feminist critique in the 218 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:53,919 1960s and 1970s. 219 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:55,929 I already mentioned it earlier. 220 00:08:55,930 --> 00:08:58,089 Then I brought up some of 221 00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:00,789 the names of the feminist theorists 222 00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:03,099 who have written influential 223 00:09:03,100 --> 00:09:05,499 papers, because, 224 00:09:05,500 --> 00:09:08,229 of course, if we consider the private 225 00:09:08,230 --> 00:09:10,479 realm as a realm in to which 226 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:12,459 the state of the government isn't allowed 227 00:09:12,460 --> 00:09:14,529 to interfere at all, then this 228 00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:17,139 realm can, for example, cover up violence 229 00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:18,140 against children. 230 00:09:20,850 --> 00:09:22,919 And so, of course, there are legal issues 231 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:25,649 with this, and in Germany, for example, 232 00:09:27,750 --> 00:09:30,239 related to this feminist critique 233 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:32,639 is a marital rape, 234 00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:34,439 which means a forgive. 235 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,919 The ear is only 236 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:37,409 Strath. 237 00:09:37,410 --> 00:09:39,599 But I use the words 238 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:41,849 since 1997, which means that 239 00:09:41,850 --> 00:09:44,039 a wife which has been raped 240 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:46,169 by her husband 241 00:09:46,170 --> 00:09:48,419 didn't had any have any chance 242 00:09:48,420 --> 00:09:50,639 to report this to the police 243 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:51,629 or she could report it. 244 00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:53,759 But it wouldn't have been considered as 245 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:55,919 a crime as far as, say, as 246 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:58,199 long as they are married as well as 247 00:09:58,200 --> 00:09:59,849 education without violence. 248 00:09:59,850 --> 00:10:01,169 I translated it. 249 00:10:01,170 --> 00:10:03,429 It's, um, that's what I try 250 00:10:03,430 --> 00:10:05,879 to assume for children, for Kinnah 251 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:06,989 in 2000. 252 00:10:06,990 --> 00:10:08,459 Uh, it's, um. 253 00:10:08,460 --> 00:10:10,739 Yeah, in German we say it's the to 254 00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:12,389 or Fargood in his childhood, which 255 00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:13,799 finally did become a crime. 256 00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:17,669 And of course there is the infamous 257 00:10:17,670 --> 00:10:18,809 and all of that, especially among the 258 00:10:18,810 --> 00:10:21,419 information of self determination, 259 00:10:21,420 --> 00:10:24,389 which has been defined 260 00:10:24,390 --> 00:10:26,759 by the, uh, the 261 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:29,069 Constitutional Court in nineteen 262 00:10:29,070 --> 00:10:30,809 eighty three in 263 00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:34,019 terms of the micro 264 00:10:34,020 --> 00:10:36,259 and macro sense of um. 265 00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:37,309 Um. 266 00:10:39,220 --> 00:10:40,220 OK, sorry. 267 00:10:41,380 --> 00:10:44,079 And here we already see that those 268 00:10:44,080 --> 00:10:46,359 are all issues which 269 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:49,029 are can be defined as private issues, 270 00:10:49,030 --> 00:10:51,399 but they are so broad that 271 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:54,699 a scholar has tried to 272 00:10:54,700 --> 00:10:57,459 grasp them better by defining 273 00:10:57,460 --> 00:10:59,859 dimensions of privacy. 274 00:10:59,860 --> 00:11:02,649 And for example, there is a proprietary 275 00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:04,779 privacy is a local dimension 276 00:11:04,780 --> 00:11:06,159 of privacy. 277 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:08,919 The decision, a dimension of privacy, 278 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:11,019 then informational privacy and 279 00:11:11,020 --> 00:11:12,819 very important of the temporal aspects of 280 00:11:12,820 --> 00:11:14,199 privacy. 281 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:16,539 And to define those 282 00:11:16,540 --> 00:11:19,539 better, I'm again 283 00:11:19,540 --> 00:11:22,269 quoting the two of US law 284 00:11:22,270 --> 00:11:24,369 who says that decision is privacy, which 285 00:11:24,370 --> 00:11:26,769 is closely related to 286 00:11:26,770 --> 00:11:29,589 decision of freedom, actually 287 00:11:29,590 --> 00:11:31,809 is a claim is when someone claims 288 00:11:31,810 --> 00:11:34,299 the right to protection from unwanted 289 00:11:34,300 --> 00:11:36,519 excess in the sense of unwanted 290 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:38,499 interference or literal enemy in our 291 00:11:38,500 --> 00:11:40,179 decisions and actions. 292 00:11:40,180 --> 00:11:41,950 So we have to be able to 293 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:44,769 make our own decisions. 294 00:11:44,770 --> 00:11:46,839 And this was a decision of privacy 295 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:49,509 comes from the US American debate 296 00:11:49,510 --> 00:11:52,059 about abortion, for example, 297 00:11:52,060 --> 00:11:54,069 then information and privacy. 298 00:11:54,070 --> 00:11:56,349 This is what we also call data 299 00:11:56,350 --> 00:11:57,429 protection. 300 00:11:57,430 --> 00:11:59,769 It means when people claim access 301 00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:01,899 to information about them that they have 302 00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:04,029 no desire to see in the wrong hands. 303 00:12:05,460 --> 00:12:07,349 And then there is the local dimension of 304 00:12:07,350 --> 00:12:10,319 the private, which is sometimes 305 00:12:10,320 --> 00:12:12,389 considered to be 306 00:12:12,390 --> 00:12:15,569 the classical 307 00:12:15,570 --> 00:12:16,649 definition. 308 00:12:16,650 --> 00:12:18,749 It is the right to protection against the 309 00:12:18,750 --> 00:12:21,059 admission of other people to spaces 310 00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:23,519 or areas and the proprietary 311 00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:25,799 dimension very closely related 312 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:26,800 to the letter one. 313 00:12:31,030 --> 00:12:32,949 So I come to the philosophy that I'm 314 00:12:32,950 --> 00:12:35,199 going to talk about today, Hannah 315 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:37,419 Arendt, who is a 316 00:12:37,420 --> 00:12:39,669 political theorist from the 20th 317 00:12:39,670 --> 00:12:41,829 century, she was a German 318 00:12:41,830 --> 00:12:44,259 Jew and she had to emigrate from Germany 319 00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,389 in 1933, first to 320 00:12:46,390 --> 00:12:48,579 France, then later in the 40s 321 00:12:48,580 --> 00:12:50,499 to as USA. 322 00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:52,629 And she 323 00:12:52,630 --> 00:12:54,849 was a philosopher before she 324 00:12:54,850 --> 00:12:56,139 had to emigrate. 325 00:12:56,140 --> 00:12:57,879 But then she said she doesn't want to 326 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:00,159 touch any intellectual thing 327 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:01,389 again. 328 00:13:01,390 --> 00:13:03,369 Luckily, she changed her mind on that 329 00:13:03,370 --> 00:13:05,439 later on because otherwise she wouldn't 330 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:07,179 have written all these great works. 331 00:13:07,180 --> 00:13:09,309 But she first didn't write 332 00:13:09,310 --> 00:13:10,989 anything again because she said, how 333 00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:13,659 could I with what is happening in Germany 334 00:13:13,660 --> 00:13:16,299 or in Europe, how could I just 335 00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:17,559 write philosophy again? 336 00:13:17,560 --> 00:13:19,809 And so she she kind of changed to 337 00:13:19,810 --> 00:13:21,999 political theory. 338 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,489 And her most famous books are 339 00:13:24,490 --> 00:13:26,589 a report on the Iceman trial 340 00:13:26,590 --> 00:13:28,450 in Jerusalem, Eichmann, Jerusalem. 341 00:13:29,950 --> 00:13:32,169 And it has been criticized 342 00:13:32,170 --> 00:13:35,289 a lot because, um, 343 00:13:35,290 --> 00:13:37,719 yeah, it was a real 344 00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:40,029 because it caused the debate in, 345 00:13:40,030 --> 00:13:42,579 um, the Jewish community, 346 00:13:42,580 --> 00:13:44,649 in the state and also in Israel. 347 00:13:44,650 --> 00:13:46,809 Um, and 348 00:13:46,810 --> 00:13:48,969 to other famous books of hers are the 349 00:13:48,970 --> 00:13:51,339 origins of totalitarianism, 350 00:13:51,340 --> 00:13:53,259 which appeared already and was published 351 00:13:53,260 --> 00:13:54,850 in fifty one already. 352 00:13:55,870 --> 00:13:58,089 And the human condition, which in German 353 00:13:58,090 --> 00:14:00,399 is called VITAC Tiva and 354 00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:02,199 is also very interesting about our 355 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,629 because a lot of her works do have two 356 00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:06,879 separate versions, like the English 357 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:09,459 version she wrote, and then she herself 358 00:14:09,460 --> 00:14:11,949 made the German translation and 359 00:14:11,950 --> 00:14:13,479 changed a lot of the text. 360 00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:17,449 So she has been criticized, as I already 361 00:14:17,450 --> 00:14:19,999 said, about Eisemann trial, 362 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:21,799 and she has been criticized because she 363 00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:23,929 was not a feminist 364 00:14:23,930 --> 00:14:26,029 and might even 365 00:14:26,030 --> 00:14:29,059 be considered to be antifeminist. 366 00:14:29,060 --> 00:14:31,249 And her methods are kind 367 00:14:31,250 --> 00:14:33,199 of interesting because she has kind of an 368 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:35,419 eclectic style and she 369 00:14:35,420 --> 00:14:37,639 quotes from the Bible and from poems. 370 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:39,709 And so it's really kind of 371 00:14:39,710 --> 00:14:41,959 a mix. But she said she wrote 372 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,239 to be able to understand and that's what 373 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:45,139 interested her. 374 00:14:45,140 --> 00:14:47,929 She didn't want to write a coherent 375 00:14:47,930 --> 00:14:49,570 theory as such. 376 00:14:52,350 --> 00:14:54,599 And one thing she was 377 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,509 criticized about, too, was her 378 00:14:57,510 --> 00:14:59,909 paper on the Iraq debate. 379 00:14:59,910 --> 00:15:02,159 I'm going to come back to that 380 00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:03,160 later. 381 00:15:06,570 --> 00:15:08,669 Hannah Aron's motto, as I call 382 00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:10,949 it here, is this never 383 00:15:10,950 --> 00:15:13,319 to have happened, this had to negotiate. 384 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:16,259 And in German, she 385 00:15:16,260 --> 00:15:19,019 meant by this as she clarifies 386 00:15:19,020 --> 00:15:21,329 herself, the Holocaust, the Shoah, 387 00:15:21,330 --> 00:15:23,639 but not only, as she says, 388 00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:25,769 the number of the victims 389 00:15:25,770 --> 00:15:27,899 and the brutality of what 390 00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:30,779 has been done, but the 391 00:15:30,780 --> 00:15:33,239 mass fabrication of bodies, 392 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:35,549 these are her words that 393 00:15:35,550 --> 00:15:37,859 the the 394 00:15:37,860 --> 00:15:40,860 terror and the murder was industrialized. 395 00:15:42,620 --> 00:15:44,839 And this is also the starting 396 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,209 point from her political theory. 397 00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:53,009 I give you a very brief overview 398 00:15:53,010 --> 00:15:55,079 about her ideas, other than her ideas 399 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:57,539 on the private, which I will 400 00:15:57,540 --> 00:15:59,849 explain later, because in 401 00:15:59,850 --> 00:16:02,429 fact, she is a philosopher 402 00:16:02,430 --> 00:16:03,419 of the public. 403 00:16:03,420 --> 00:16:05,699 Actually, the public 404 00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:08,009 realm was very important to her. 405 00:16:08,010 --> 00:16:10,259 She wanted to protect it because it was 406 00:16:10,260 --> 00:16:12,599 what had been destroyed in 407 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:14,099 totalitarian systems. 408 00:16:15,980 --> 00:16:18,109 The realm in which people can come 409 00:16:18,110 --> 00:16:20,179 together and act freely together 410 00:16:20,180 --> 00:16:22,069 politically, we've seen that, 411 00:16:22,070 --> 00:16:24,739 interestingly, in the Arab Spring, 412 00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:27,169 Arab Spring, sorry, where also 413 00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:29,419 people needed spaces to come 414 00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:32,069 together and act together. 415 00:16:32,070 --> 00:16:34,279 Um, and here we 416 00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:36,559 also see that the 417 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:38,929 totalitarian systems for her 418 00:16:38,930 --> 00:16:41,089 are different from what had been 419 00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:43,219 there before, because 420 00:16:43,220 --> 00:16:45,289 the public realm, as Aron says, was 421 00:16:45,290 --> 00:16:47,509 already destroyed and dictatorship 422 00:16:47,510 --> 00:16:49,969 before. But so to say, tearing systems 423 00:16:49,970 --> 00:16:52,069 also destroyed the private 424 00:16:52,070 --> 00:16:53,070 sphere. 425 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:56,209 So we need this public 426 00:16:56,210 --> 00:16:59,359 realm to act together politically 427 00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:01,609 and this action on 428 00:17:01,610 --> 00:17:03,979 how our and defines it does have 429 00:17:03,980 --> 00:17:06,289 unforeseeable consequences and 430 00:17:06,290 --> 00:17:08,659 is a spontaneous thing which 431 00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:10,969 is in contrast to 432 00:17:10,970 --> 00:17:12,079 mere behavior. 433 00:17:13,410 --> 00:17:15,568 Very important for our is also 434 00:17:15,569 --> 00:17:17,759 the what what she what she calls 435 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,039 natality, because usually 436 00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:22,919 philosophers since Socrates 437 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:25,049 are saying that what makes 438 00:17:25,050 --> 00:17:27,809 a human human is that he's mortal. 439 00:17:27,810 --> 00:17:30,179 But our ancestors, before a human being, 440 00:17:30,180 --> 00:17:31,180 is mortal. 441 00:17:32,130 --> 00:17:34,649 They do have to be born 442 00:17:34,650 --> 00:17:36,929 to be able to start a new beginning. 443 00:17:38,390 --> 00:17:39,919 And the other term, which is important 444 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:42,259 for plurality, which means that 445 00:17:42,260 --> 00:17:44,659 we always are in the world 446 00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:46,849 with other human beings and we 447 00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:49,009 are always born into the world, which is 448 00:17:49,010 --> 00:17:51,109 already made by human 449 00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:52,110 beings. 450 00:17:53,610 --> 00:17:55,679 And the political tradition since 451 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:57,959 Plato, as well as 452 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:00,659 the totalitarian systems, they tried 453 00:18:00,660 --> 00:18:02,999 to replace action with 454 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,429 behavior, as Aaron calls it, they 455 00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:07,649 only wanted people to 456 00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:10,079 behave because behavior apparently 457 00:18:10,080 --> 00:18:12,749 is predictable and whereas 458 00:18:12,750 --> 00:18:14,130 action isn't at all. 459 00:18:15,290 --> 00:18:17,359 And one famous claim 460 00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:20,239 aren't made to was the so-called 461 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:22,399 right to have rights because 462 00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,589 based on her experiences in 463 00:18:24,590 --> 00:18:27,109 the 20th century, she said 464 00:18:27,110 --> 00:18:29,239 it happens that the rights only 465 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:31,369 were for people who had a certain 466 00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:33,439 nationality or citizenship and not to 467 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:34,519 everybody. 468 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:36,889 And a lawyer once 469 00:18:36,890 --> 00:18:39,019 told me when I when I when I mentioned 470 00:18:39,020 --> 00:18:41,089 this in a talk, he was 471 00:18:41,090 --> 00:18:43,189 like, Yeah, but we have the Universal 472 00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:44,299 Declaration of Human Rights. 473 00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:45,739 Why do we need this? 474 00:18:45,740 --> 00:18:47,659 But I guess yesterday in the talk from 475 00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:49,909 Anna about the NSA 476 00:18:49,910 --> 00:18:52,069 shows this problem came up 477 00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:54,409 again, that sometimes 478 00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:56,719 the rights only 479 00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:58,909 are for universal rights, only for people 480 00:18:58,910 --> 00:19:00,619 with a certain passport. 481 00:19:04,070 --> 00:19:06,289 So what does Aron say about 482 00:19:06,290 --> 00:19:08,329 the private in the already mentioned 483 00:19:08,330 --> 00:19:10,909 book, The Human Condition, she 484 00:19:10,910 --> 00:19:13,129 undertakes a historical analysis about 485 00:19:13,130 --> 00:19:15,229 what has been private before, 486 00:19:15,230 --> 00:19:17,869 and she said that in the ancient 487 00:19:17,870 --> 00:19:19,549 Greek polis 488 00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:23,389 in antiquity, the public 489 00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:26,449 and the private have been separated 490 00:19:26,450 --> 00:19:28,739 by war, which was 491 00:19:28,740 --> 00:19:29,899 the wall of laws. 492 00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:32,269 Actually, the laws were like a free 493 00:19:32,270 --> 00:19:34,669 political thing, which 494 00:19:34,670 --> 00:19:36,259 they kind of redefined. 495 00:19:36,260 --> 00:19:37,639 And then after this, after the 496 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:38,929 constitution of the polis 497 00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:42,409 existed like this and there 498 00:19:42,410 --> 00:19:44,479 were no possibility that 499 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:46,699 the public affairs became private 500 00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:47,779 and the other way around. 501 00:19:48,980 --> 00:19:51,319 But then, as Aaron says, in 502 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:53,159 modern times. 503 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:55,499 The private things are some 504 00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:57,929 private things came 505 00:19:57,930 --> 00:19:59,339 into the public sphere. 506 00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:03,209 One example for this Aussie example 507 00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:05,699 is political economy, 508 00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:08,369 which Aron says had been an 509 00:20:08,370 --> 00:20:11,489 oxymoron for the for the ancients. 510 00:20:11,490 --> 00:20:14,069 But now it's important to 511 00:20:14,070 --> 00:20:16,379 talk about economic affairs 512 00:20:16,380 --> 00:20:17,459 in the public sphere. 513 00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:19,529 And that's how the society came 514 00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:21,389 into being the social. 515 00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:23,459 And then there was the intimate, which 516 00:20:23,460 --> 00:20:26,099 kind of was invented, as she says, 517 00:20:26,100 --> 00:20:28,139 to replace the private because people 518 00:20:28,140 --> 00:20:30,269 need this realm. And so since 519 00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,009 it wasn't there anymore, we had the 520 00:20:32,010 --> 00:20:33,689 social and the intimate and the public 521 00:20:33,690 --> 00:20:35,729 and the private world merged into the 522 00:20:35,730 --> 00:20:36,730 society. 523 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:42,269 And then in totalitarian systems, 524 00:20:42,270 --> 00:20:43,859 as I already said, they tried to 525 00:20:43,860 --> 00:20:46,199 influence every aspect of human 526 00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:48,959 life and so ideology 527 00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:51,059 kind of influenced everything. 528 00:20:51,060 --> 00:20:53,309 And according to our end, um, 529 00:20:53,310 --> 00:20:55,440 that's what they tried, um, 530 00:20:56,610 --> 00:20:59,339 they didn't succeed to it 531 00:20:59,340 --> 00:21:00,420 entirely. But 532 00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:03,299 this is public, private in the 533 00:21:03,300 --> 00:21:04,579 totalitarian systems. 534 00:21:07,490 --> 00:21:09,829 I rent herself, makes clear 535 00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:11,899 that she's interested in 536 00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:13,579 the local dimension of the private, and 537 00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:15,799 she says this is from a talk in nineteen 538 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:17,959 seventy five just 539 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:20,809 right before her death, um, 540 00:21:20,810 --> 00:21:22,939 she says that it should be clear 541 00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:25,039 that my distinction between private 542 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:28,279 and public depends on the locality 543 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:29,660 where a person moves. 544 00:21:36,740 --> 00:21:38,449 And very closely connected to this local 545 00:21:38,450 --> 00:21:40,519 dimension is a proprietary dimension, 546 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:42,530 in fact, the dimensions are not 547 00:21:44,090 --> 00:21:45,380 separated, 548 00:21:47,030 --> 00:21:48,769 like exactly separated they are. 549 00:21:48,770 --> 00:21:50,779 They very much interfere with each other 550 00:21:50,780 --> 00:21:52,250 or they can interfere with each other. 551 00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:56,239 But the proprietary dimension is, 552 00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:58,339 as R.A.F. defines as 553 00:21:58,340 --> 00:21:59,569 it sorry, 554 00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:02,929 it's the property is 555 00:22:02,930 --> 00:22:05,479 a precondition for local privacy. 556 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:07,579 She says privacy was like 557 00:22:07,580 --> 00:22:09,979 the other, the dark and hidden side 558 00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:10,980 of the public realm. 559 00:22:12,550 --> 00:22:14,689 And why it be political men 560 00:22:14,690 --> 00:22:16,779 to attain the highest possibility of 561 00:22:16,780 --> 00:22:17,780 human existence? 562 00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:21,529 To have no private place of one's own, 563 00:22:21,530 --> 00:22:23,779 like a slave meant to be no 564 00:22:23,780 --> 00:22:24,780 longer human. 565 00:22:26,130 --> 00:22:28,169 So this really sounds hard. 566 00:22:28,170 --> 00:22:30,269 You can see why people were criticizing 567 00:22:30,270 --> 00:22:32,519 her, of 568 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,589 course, slaves were human, but she's 569 00:22:34,590 --> 00:22:37,049 talking about the ancient 570 00:22:37,050 --> 00:22:38,050 world view. 571 00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:45,879 This is what usually is considered 572 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:47,889 as private insurance philosophy, and what 573 00:22:47,890 --> 00:22:49,989 I did in my PhD thesis is that I 574 00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:52,569 argued there is more to it. 575 00:22:52,570 --> 00:22:54,819 And for example, I found an 576 00:22:54,820 --> 00:22:57,279 example for the decisional 577 00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,829 dimension of the private 578 00:22:59,830 --> 00:23:00,969 in her work. 579 00:23:00,970 --> 00:23:03,099 But before I'm going to read the quote, 580 00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:05,229 I just want to briefly 581 00:23:05,230 --> 00:23:07,399 explain the context of this 582 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:09,969 of these quotes, because 583 00:23:09,970 --> 00:23:12,189 they are from the already mentioned 584 00:23:12,190 --> 00:23:14,919 article on Little Rock. 585 00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:16,869 And Little Rock is just a city. 586 00:23:16,870 --> 00:23:18,939 It's the capital of Arkansas. 587 00:23:18,940 --> 00:23:21,249 And this article by Arendt 588 00:23:21,250 --> 00:23:23,889 was published in nineteen fifty nine 589 00:23:23,890 --> 00:23:25,989 after she had first put it, but then 590 00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:28,299 it was still published. 591 00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:30,459 And it's based on 592 00:23:30,460 --> 00:23:33,309 the fact that in 1954 593 00:23:33,310 --> 00:23:35,379 there was a decision by the Supreme 594 00:23:35,380 --> 00:23:37,539 Court in the USA that 595 00:23:37,540 --> 00:23:39,639 African-American students were 596 00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:41,799 allowed to attend former all white 597 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:42,800 schools. 598 00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:46,889 And so the governor of Arkansas, 599 00:23:46,890 --> 00:23:50,259 he didn't agree with that, as did others, 600 00:23:50,260 --> 00:23:52,829 uh, from the from some states, 601 00:23:54,180 --> 00:23:56,309 and he sent troops to prevent 602 00:23:56,310 --> 00:23:58,349 the students from entering the school in 603 00:23:58,350 --> 00:23:59,609 Little Rock. 604 00:23:59,610 --> 00:24:01,889 It was there were only like nine 605 00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:04,319 students, but that was what happened. 606 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:06,479 And then President Eisenhower sent 607 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:08,669 troops to in September 608 00:24:08,670 --> 00:24:09,719 1957. 609 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,109 And so the 610 00:24:12,110 --> 00:24:14,639 students were protected by military to 611 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:16,169 go into school. 612 00:24:16,170 --> 00:24:18,389 And and 613 00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:20,579 so our end saw a picture 614 00:24:20,580 --> 00:24:21,989 of it in the newspaper. 615 00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:24,239 And there was a, um, 616 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:26,939 Afro-American girl who was, uh, 617 00:24:26,940 --> 00:24:29,009 like harassed by her, her, 618 00:24:29,010 --> 00:24:30,459 um. 619 00:24:30,460 --> 00:24:32,619 Her white fellow students 620 00:24:32,620 --> 00:24:34,899 are not yet fellow students, and I 621 00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:37,329 was like, this shouldn't 622 00:24:37,330 --> 00:24:40,299 happen because we should never 623 00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:43,779 fight our political fights 624 00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:45,729 with our children, because the children, 625 00:24:45,730 --> 00:24:47,669 they need to be protected. 626 00:24:47,670 --> 00:24:50,379 Um, she kind of didn't think 627 00:24:50,380 --> 00:24:52,689 it through, so to say. 628 00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:54,969 And in the end, she kind of sided with 629 00:24:54,970 --> 00:24:56,079 race segregation. 630 00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:58,179 So that's why this article is 631 00:24:58,180 --> 00:25:01,299 always irritating. 632 00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,429 I think it can be explained why she did 633 00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:05,889 this mistake. But, um, yeah, 634 00:25:05,890 --> 00:25:08,319 that's just the context of these quotes. 635 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:10,239 I think it's about interests in mind. 636 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,309 But still, she says the 637 00:25:12,310 --> 00:25:14,499 government has a stake in the education 638 00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:16,569 of my child in so far 639 00:25:16,570 --> 00:25:18,729 as this child is supposed to grow up into 640 00:25:18,730 --> 00:25:19,730 a citizen. 641 00:25:20,610 --> 00:25:22,979 But I would deny that government had any 642 00:25:22,980 --> 00:25:25,289 right to tell me in whose company 643 00:25:25,290 --> 00:25:27,899 my child received its instruction, 644 00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:29,939 it's the right of parents to decide such 645 00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:32,129 matters for the children until they 646 00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:34,469 are grown ups are challenged only 647 00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:35,519 by dictatorship's. 648 00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,679 And in the same paper, she says 649 00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:41,539 the right of parents to bring up their 650 00:25:41,540 --> 00:25:43,699 children as they see fit is the right of 651 00:25:43,700 --> 00:25:46,009 privacy belonging to home 652 00:25:46,010 --> 00:25:47,749 and family parents. 653 00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:49,999 Rights of the children are legally 654 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,369 restricted by compulsory education 655 00:25:52,370 --> 00:25:53,559 and nothing else. 656 00:25:55,210 --> 00:25:57,549 So is a decision that I mention 657 00:25:57,550 --> 00:25:59,439 parents should be able to decide for 658 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:00,440 their children. 659 00:26:05,530 --> 00:26:07,779 There are also the temporal aspects of 660 00:26:07,780 --> 00:26:10,299 privacy. They are kind of clear, 661 00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:12,369 but, um, in 662 00:26:12,370 --> 00:26:14,559 the, um, debates, they 663 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:16,719 are sometimes not, um, 664 00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:17,679 underlined enough. 665 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:20,169 So that's why I brought this 666 00:26:20,170 --> 00:26:22,629 example again from from the 667 00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:24,999 Antiquity by Aronne says, 668 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,189 the disappearance of the Gulf that 669 00:26:27,190 --> 00:26:28,989 the ancients had to cross, they need to 670 00:26:28,990 --> 00:26:30,639 transcend the narrow realm of the 671 00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:32,889 household and rise into the realm 672 00:26:32,890 --> 00:26:34,959 of politics is an essentially 673 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:36,399 modern phenomenon. 674 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:38,259 Such a gulf between the private and 675 00:26:38,260 --> 00:26:39,879 public still existed somewhere in the 676 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:42,009 Middle Ages, though it had lost much 677 00:26:42,010 --> 00:26:44,079 of its significance and change 678 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:46,109 its location entirely. 679 00:26:46,110 --> 00:26:48,629 So we see you're the, uh, 680 00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:50,819 head of the household is allowed to 681 00:26:50,820 --> 00:26:53,549 cross the road daily 682 00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:56,329 and of course, um, it was only 683 00:26:56,330 --> 00:26:58,199 the male Greek citizens who had this 684 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,479 privilege and not the other 685 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:01,709 members of the household. 686 00:27:01,710 --> 00:27:03,449 But the point was here that they had to 687 00:27:03,450 --> 00:27:05,729 cross it daily. So the temporal aspect 688 00:27:05,730 --> 00:27:06,730 of privacy. 689 00:27:08,510 --> 00:27:10,579 I also brought two 690 00:27:10,580 --> 00:27:12,739 quotes for the informational dimension of 691 00:27:12,740 --> 00:27:15,349 privacy in Ahrons work, 692 00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:17,659 and, um, this 693 00:27:17,660 --> 00:27:19,789 is maybe something which isn't 694 00:27:19,790 --> 00:27:21,919 too surprising today 695 00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:24,139 and for this audience, actually. 696 00:27:24,140 --> 00:27:26,629 But I'm going to read this first quote. 697 00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:28,609 The police and the satellite countries 698 00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:30,709 kept cader cards for every citizen in 699 00:27:30,710 --> 00:27:32,219 the country. 700 00:27:32,220 --> 00:27:34,289 On which presumably not only 701 00:27:34,290 --> 00:27:36,869 compromising information was recorded, 702 00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:39,299 but information on associations, 703 00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:41,579 friends, family and 704 00:27:41,580 --> 00:27:43,859 acquaintances, which is much more 705 00:27:43,860 --> 00:27:45,920 valuable for totalitarian terror. 706 00:27:47,350 --> 00:27:49,569 And so some of you might already 707 00:27:49,570 --> 00:27:50,890 see where I'm going with this, 708 00:27:52,060 --> 00:27:54,309 of course, today, it's not not not 709 00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:56,439 a secret anymore. We heard that some of 710 00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:58,239 you might have heard the talk by Simon 711 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,429 yesterday about the Stasi files. 712 00:28:00,430 --> 00:28:02,709 Of course, this is this totalitarian 713 00:28:02,710 --> 00:28:04,779 system did keep files on 714 00:28:04,780 --> 00:28:06,099 every citizen. 715 00:28:07,780 --> 00:28:09,939 But to clarify what I want to say, 716 00:28:09,940 --> 00:28:12,639 I brought another bit longer 717 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:13,989 quotation. I'm sorry for that. 718 00:28:13,990 --> 00:28:15,819 But it's just so good that I have to read 719 00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:17,499 it entirely. 720 00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:19,539 Um, the Krasna the 721 00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:23,229 secret police is reported 722 00:28:23,230 --> 00:28:25,569 to have invented the filing system 723 00:28:25,570 --> 00:28:27,759 in which every suspect was 724 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:29,889 noted on a large card in 725 00:28:29,890 --> 00:28:31,479 the center of which his name was 726 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:33,249 surrounded by Red Circle. 727 00:28:33,250 --> 00:28:35,709 His political friends were designed 728 00:28:35,710 --> 00:28:37,989 designated by smaller red circle and 729 00:28:37,990 --> 00:28:39,849 as nonpolitical acquaintances, but green 730 00:28:39,850 --> 00:28:41,619 ones, etc. 731 00:28:41,620 --> 00:28:43,719 cross relationships between 732 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:45,609 the suspect's friends, political and 733 00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:46,779 nonpolitical. 734 00:28:46,780 --> 00:28:48,369 And the friends of his friends were 735 00:28:48,370 --> 00:28:51,039 indicated by lines between the respective 736 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:52,479 circles. 737 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:54,999 Obviously, the limitations of his message 738 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,069 are set only by the size of 739 00:28:57,070 --> 00:28:59,499 filing cards and theoretically 740 00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:00,999 a gigantic single. 741 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:03,069 She could show the relation 742 00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:05,349 and cross relationships of the entire 743 00:29:05,350 --> 00:29:06,350 population. 744 00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:09,329 And this is the utopian goal of 745 00:29:09,330 --> 00:29:11,969 a totalitarian secret police 746 00:29:11,970 --> 00:29:14,159 now the police dream that one look 747 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:16,259 at the gigantic map on the office 748 00:29:16,260 --> 00:29:18,389 wall should suffice at any given 749 00:29:18,390 --> 00:29:20,519 moment to establish who 750 00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:22,829 is related to whom and in what degree 751 00:29:22,830 --> 00:29:24,649 of intimacy. 752 00:29:24,650 --> 00:29:26,629 And theoretically, the stream is not 753 00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:29,239 unrealizable and realizable, 754 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:30,859 although it's technically the execution 755 00:29:30,860 --> 00:29:33,199 is bound to be somewhat difficult. 756 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:35,449 If this map really did exist, not 757 00:29:35,450 --> 00:29:37,339 even memory would stand in the way of the 758 00:29:37,340 --> 00:29:39,979 totalitarian claim to domination 759 00:29:39,980 --> 00:29:42,079 that might make it possible to 760 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:44,509 obliterate people sorry 761 00:29:44,510 --> 00:29:46,999 without any traces as it never existed 762 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:48,000 at all. 763 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:54,819 Sorry, yeah, and some of you might 764 00:29:54,820 --> 00:29:56,979 already know what I want to say, 765 00:29:56,980 --> 00:29:59,469 because apparently Aaron is talking 766 00:29:59,470 --> 00:30:02,169 about metadata without using the term. 767 00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:04,359 And so there isn't even 768 00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:05,470 anymore the 769 00:30:07,780 --> 00:30:09,909 waters of the map of the world, because 770 00:30:09,910 --> 00:30:12,129 we have this thing where 771 00:30:12,130 --> 00:30:14,499 people are giving the data 772 00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:15,429 voluntarily. 773 00:30:15,430 --> 00:30:18,009 And this is just nothing 774 00:30:18,010 --> 00:30:20,259 surprising for this audience, but 775 00:30:20,260 --> 00:30:22,389 a figure that an Internet Facebook 776 00:30:22,390 --> 00:30:24,819 made from metadata about friendships 777 00:30:24,820 --> 00:30:26,489 between different cities. 778 00:30:26,490 --> 00:30:27,490 What was. 779 00:30:28,430 --> 00:30:30,919 The quotes from the book was 780 00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,559 published in 1951, 781 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:35,109 so it's from the end of the 40s, 782 00:30:36,410 --> 00:30:39,109 but the method already is 783 00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:41,299 since he's talking about the sorest 784 00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:43,039 secret police. 785 00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:45,079 Yeah, the question was what he as a quote 786 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,219 was from. But, um, yeah. 787 00:30:47,220 --> 00:30:49,369 Um, yeah, it's already early 788 00:30:49,370 --> 00:30:51,199 already, you know, like at the beginning 789 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:52,460 of the of the 20th century. 790 00:30:57,990 --> 00:31:00,089 So the metadata I'm 791 00:31:00,090 --> 00:31:02,190 no kind of jumping into the 792 00:31:03,210 --> 00:31:04,530 into today to today 793 00:31:05,550 --> 00:31:06,449 does the current debate. 794 00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:08,879 So because 795 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,429 our end wasn't about influencing 796 00:31:11,430 --> 00:31:13,709 our behavior and she said, of 797 00:31:13,710 --> 00:31:16,049 course, the tradition tried to replace 798 00:31:16,050 --> 00:31:18,210 behavior with action because 799 00:31:20,460 --> 00:31:22,559 that's what they can calculate, what they 800 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:24,569 can just foresee, what we are going to 801 00:31:24,570 --> 00:31:27,659 do. And as we all know, 802 00:31:27,660 --> 00:31:28,709 that's what's being done. 803 00:31:28,710 --> 00:31:30,959 I just read something about 804 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:33,029 China's citizens score, which is a 805 00:31:33,030 --> 00:31:34,500 new thing. Apparently, they are 806 00:31:35,610 --> 00:31:37,709 collecting all information and they 807 00:31:37,710 --> 00:31:39,869 are actually giving points 808 00:31:39,870 --> 00:31:41,789 for the behavior, for the correct 809 00:31:41,790 --> 00:31:42,689 behavior. 810 00:31:42,690 --> 00:31:44,909 And for example, if a Chinese 811 00:31:44,910 --> 00:31:47,819 person wants a visa 812 00:31:47,820 --> 00:31:49,919 to come to Europe, they must have 813 00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,019 a certain score to be able to leave 814 00:31:52,020 --> 00:31:53,129 the country. 815 00:31:53,130 --> 00:31:55,049 And they are like collecting all 816 00:31:55,050 --> 00:31:57,359 information about Internet 817 00:31:57,360 --> 00:31:58,289 searches, etc. 818 00:31:58,290 --> 00:32:00,869 and of course, about relationships. 819 00:32:00,870 --> 00:32:02,669 I mean, it's important who is my friend 820 00:32:02,670 --> 00:32:04,079 when I don't want to leave the country, 821 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:05,219 isn't it? 822 00:32:05,220 --> 00:32:06,569 So, yeah, 823 00:32:09,210 --> 00:32:10,469 that, of course, is behavioral 824 00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:12,269 advertising, which even has the word 825 00:32:12,270 --> 00:32:14,519 behavior in its 826 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:15,520 title 827 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:19,109 and where companies 828 00:32:19,110 --> 00:32:21,359 are interested in our search behavior 829 00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:24,149 to predict it and to send us 830 00:32:24,150 --> 00:32:25,589 targeted advertising. 831 00:32:26,970 --> 00:32:29,489 And of course, there is a filter bubble. 832 00:32:29,490 --> 00:32:31,559 I guess I don't have to explain it here 833 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:33,659 further that the problem is that 834 00:32:33,660 --> 00:32:36,029 the more I do certain search, 835 00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:37,279 the more I see the 836 00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:41,189 results which are related 837 00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:42,899 to this search. 838 00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:44,579 Interestingly, there is native 839 00:32:44,580 --> 00:32:46,769 advertising, which seems 840 00:32:46,770 --> 00:32:49,019 to be a new 841 00:32:49,020 --> 00:32:51,209 phenomenon because, 842 00:32:51,210 --> 00:32:53,909 yeah, we do use ad blockers, et cetera. 843 00:32:53,910 --> 00:32:56,069 And so native advertising 844 00:32:56,070 --> 00:32:58,829 means that articles 845 00:32:58,830 --> 00:33:01,289 in newspapers are sponsored by companies, 846 00:33:01,290 --> 00:33:03,759 which is also not new as such, 847 00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:06,029 but it depends on whether we can 848 00:33:06,030 --> 00:33:07,469 see it or not. 849 00:33:07,470 --> 00:33:09,449 And so this is also very interesting 850 00:33:09,450 --> 00:33:11,639 because it might also lead to the fact 851 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:14,219 that some people see certain articles 852 00:33:14,220 --> 00:33:16,049 which others can't see, etc. 853 00:33:17,340 --> 00:33:18,929 Then of course, there's profiling and 854 00:33:18,930 --> 00:33:21,689 redlining as price discrimination 855 00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:24,059 and being able to order 856 00:33:24,060 --> 00:33:26,249 certain products if one lives 857 00:33:26,250 --> 00:33:28,419 in a certain area of the city. 858 00:33:28,420 --> 00:33:30,839 And if you live in the in a 859 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:33,149 less time frame, 860 00:33:33,150 --> 00:33:35,009 what's the word in a less good 861 00:33:35,010 --> 00:33:37,049 neighborhood, then you might not be able, 862 00:33:37,050 --> 00:33:39,269 for example, to order online 863 00:33:39,270 --> 00:33:41,389 and to describe all this. 864 00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:43,679 I have this 865 00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:44,379 concept. 866 00:33:44,380 --> 00:33:46,589 It's just briefly from the article 867 00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:49,139 again, that the cognitive 868 00:33:49,140 --> 00:33:51,419 and volunteers of asymmetry 869 00:33:51,420 --> 00:33:53,339 of surveillance, I think that's a good 870 00:33:53,340 --> 00:33:55,829 idea to grasp 871 00:33:55,830 --> 00:33:58,529 this what is happening, because 872 00:33:58,530 --> 00:34:01,229 she makes a difference between cognitive 873 00:34:01,230 --> 00:34:03,569 symmetry, which means I know 874 00:34:03,570 --> 00:34:05,789 that I am being under 875 00:34:05,790 --> 00:34:08,079 surveillance, but I don't want 876 00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:10,529 to. That would be Volante of 877 00:34:10,530 --> 00:34:11,789 Asymmetry. 878 00:34:11,790 --> 00:34:13,678 And then there's, of course, volunteer 879 00:34:13,679 --> 00:34:14,730 asymmetry because 880 00:34:16,139 --> 00:34:18,059 theoretically it might be possible that I 881 00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:20,099 want to be supervised. 882 00:34:20,100 --> 00:34:22,169 Like if I get the 883 00:34:22,170 --> 00:34:24,238 credits from a from 884 00:34:24,239 --> 00:34:26,698 a customer card and. 885 00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:28,948 Yeah, you know, like I want to 886 00:34:28,949 --> 00:34:30,479 want them to store my data. 887 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:31,928 I don't want them, but I want to have the 888 00:34:31,929 --> 00:34:33,658 bonus. So that's what I'm doing. 889 00:34:33,659 --> 00:34:35,759 And so I just think these are that's 890 00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:37,589 why I mentioned it here. These are some 891 00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:39,988 interesting concepts to grasp what's 892 00:34:39,989 --> 00:34:41,730 really happening here. 893 00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:46,908 I come back to end because what's all 894 00:34:46,909 --> 00:34:50,388 this sorry, with all these examples, 895 00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:51,389 we. 896 00:34:53,510 --> 00:34:55,359 Can do one thing, because what our friend 897 00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:57,849 also told us was that we never should 898 00:34:57,850 --> 00:34:59,289 refuse from judging 899 00:35:00,310 --> 00:35:02,979 and judging means because she 900 00:35:02,980 --> 00:35:05,889 I quoted this never have happened phrase, 901 00:35:05,890 --> 00:35:08,139 but it also was her goal 902 00:35:08,140 --> 00:35:10,479 to prevent what 903 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:12,039 never would have happened from happening 904 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:13,040 again. 905 00:35:13,810 --> 00:35:16,179 So what we can do to do to prevent 906 00:35:16,180 --> 00:35:18,459 it is to judge about political 907 00:35:18,460 --> 00:35:21,369 circumstances and 908 00:35:21,370 --> 00:35:23,289 we can judge by examples. 909 00:35:23,290 --> 00:35:25,029 Unfortunately, she never finished her 910 00:35:25,030 --> 00:35:27,280 book on judging, but there are some 911 00:35:28,750 --> 00:35:30,969 lectures cetera about where we 912 00:35:30,970 --> 00:35:33,459 already get an impression on what she was 913 00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:34,599 aiming at. 914 00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,809 So this judging 915 00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:39,309 is what is 916 00:35:41,350 --> 00:35:44,169 necessary to prevent moral catastrophes, 917 00:35:44,170 --> 00:35:45,959 and we can do it by examples. 918 00:35:47,460 --> 00:35:49,319 And now I'm going to I'm trying to 919 00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:52,289 combine the present 920 00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:54,899 with our ideas from the 921 00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,119 1950s and 922 00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:59,309 70s, because I 923 00:35:59,310 --> 00:36:01,499 think if we see those attempts to 924 00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:03,339 influence our behavior like we 925 00:36:03,340 --> 00:36:05,699 advertising, then we have to 926 00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:07,769 keep in mind our warning 927 00:36:07,770 --> 00:36:09,749 that we need to act and not just to 928 00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:10,750 behave 929 00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:13,619 as totalitarian states. 930 00:36:13,620 --> 00:36:15,869 Goal was to reduce human beings, to 931 00:36:15,870 --> 00:36:17,399 just behave in creatures. 932 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:21,819 Another example on which we could use to 933 00:36:21,820 --> 00:36:23,949 to judge is cyber mobbing. 934 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:27,789 There is Ahrons warnings that the tyranny 935 00:36:27,790 --> 00:36:30,549 of the majority of children 936 00:36:30,550 --> 00:36:32,979 can be very bad for one 937 00:36:32,980 --> 00:36:35,289 child if children are left 938 00:36:35,290 --> 00:36:37,479 alone, which is which each 939 00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:38,480 other. 940 00:36:39,250 --> 00:36:41,409 I've elaborated on this in my thesis 941 00:36:41,410 --> 00:36:43,689 of every anyone is interested in reading 942 00:36:43,690 --> 00:36:45,879 more on this, I'm happy to send 943 00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:45,999 you. 944 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:47,000 I see this. 945 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:49,689 And then we have the secret services, 946 00:36:49,690 --> 00:36:51,879 because, of course, 947 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:53,979 I was about to say, Aronoff, 948 00:36:53,980 --> 00:36:56,439 analysis of the totalitarian state 949 00:36:56,440 --> 00:36:58,749 and the origins of totalitarianism, 950 00:36:58,750 --> 00:37:00,940 um, did also. 951 00:37:02,290 --> 00:37:04,629 She also looked at secret services 952 00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:07,389 and she said that what they did was 953 00:37:07,390 --> 00:37:09,819 they weren't only secret services 954 00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:11,769 anymore, but they were secret polices. 955 00:37:11,770 --> 00:37:13,959 So they were secret services with 956 00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,089 the possibilities of 957 00:37:16,090 --> 00:37:17,559 police forces. 958 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:19,929 And she also talks 959 00:37:19,930 --> 00:37:21,899 about the state inside of the states. 960 00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:23,979 So if we look at 961 00:37:23,980 --> 00:37:26,109 these examples, we also 962 00:37:26,110 --> 00:37:28,209 should be very careful about what's 963 00:37:28,210 --> 00:37:29,229 happening today. 964 00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:34,049 Aron says that we should protect 965 00:37:34,050 --> 00:37:36,509 the private as well as the public and 966 00:37:36,510 --> 00:37:38,669 with two last quotes, I'm going to come 967 00:37:38,670 --> 00:37:40,529 to my conclusion. 968 00:37:40,530 --> 00:37:42,629 Aron says, As the public realm has 969 00:37:42,630 --> 00:37:44,909 shrunk in the modern age, the private 970 00:37:44,910 --> 00:37:47,309 realm has been very much extended. 971 00:37:47,310 --> 00:37:49,199 And the word that indicates this 972 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,599 extension is intimacy 973 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,759 to today's privacy is very much 974 00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:54,989 threatened again today. 975 00:37:54,990 --> 00:37:57,989 We are in the 1970s, in 1975, 976 00:37:57,990 --> 00:38:00,539 but the threats are rather from society 977 00:38:00,540 --> 00:38:01,800 than from government. 978 00:38:02,870 --> 00:38:05,029 We'll have to discuss if answers right 979 00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:07,219 here, if the society, which 980 00:38:07,220 --> 00:38:09,229 would be, for example, companies work 981 00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:10,429 together with the government. 982 00:38:12,140 --> 00:38:14,059 But we should also protect the public 983 00:38:14,060 --> 00:38:16,009 realm because they are closely 984 00:38:16,010 --> 00:38:17,010 interrelated 985 00:38:18,110 --> 00:38:19,789 and if one of it dies, the other one 986 00:38:19,790 --> 00:38:21,859 dies, too. So what is necessary for 987 00:38:21,860 --> 00:38:22,939 freedom is not wealth. 988 00:38:22,940 --> 00:38:25,159 As Aron says, what is necessary 989 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:27,229 is security and a place of one's 990 00:38:27,230 --> 00:38:29,389 own shielded from the claims 991 00:38:29,390 --> 00:38:30,390 of the public. 992 00:38:31,310 --> 00:38:33,469 What is necessary for the public realm 993 00:38:33,470 --> 00:38:35,179 is that it be shielded from private 994 00:38:35,180 --> 00:38:37,369 interests which have intruded upon it 995 00:38:37,370 --> 00:38:39,380 in the most brutal and aggressive form. 996 00:38:41,610 --> 00:38:44,249 So the public and the private, 997 00:38:44,250 --> 00:38:46,859 the protection of the private does have 998 00:38:46,860 --> 00:38:49,709 an individual and a common 999 00:38:49,710 --> 00:38:51,929 value, which is one point 1000 00:38:51,930 --> 00:38:54,299 I'm going to conclude on now, 1001 00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:56,399 we need to protect the private as well 1002 00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:58,499 as a public sphere and 1003 00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:00,389 the private for the public sakes, but 1004 00:39:00,390 --> 00:39:02,639 also the public for the private sector, 1005 00:39:02,640 --> 00:39:04,769 because this individual value 1006 00:39:04,770 --> 00:39:07,169 of privacy, which means it has 1007 00:39:07,170 --> 00:39:09,509 a value for the individual, 1008 00:39:09,510 --> 00:39:11,639 for the citizens, and 1009 00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:13,800 also a common value of privacy. 1010 00:39:15,240 --> 00:39:18,149 That means if all our 1011 00:39:18,150 --> 00:39:20,399 privacy are protected, 1012 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:22,800 then it's also better for the system. 1013 00:39:23,940 --> 00:39:26,369 And we need to 1014 00:39:26,370 --> 00:39:28,649 act spontaneously and our 1015 00:39:28,650 --> 00:39:31,799 individuality and authenticity, 1016 00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:33,599 as it is called in today's private 1017 00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:35,699 discourse, need to be protected. 1018 00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:38,099 And as Aaron says, we should never refuse 1019 00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:39,100 from judging. 1020 00:39:41,150 --> 00:39:42,150 Thank you very much. 1021 00:39:51,530 --> 00:39:53,509 Thank you, Julia. 1022 00:39:53,510 --> 00:39:55,849 You now have the chance to 1023 00:39:55,850 --> 00:39:57,619 ask some questions. 1024 00:39:57,620 --> 00:39:59,899 We have some microphones here, 1025 00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:02,269 one there, one there and there. 1026 00:40:02,270 --> 00:40:05,209 And you can also ask questions 1027 00:40:05,210 --> 00:40:07,369 if you were watching the livestream 1028 00:40:07,370 --> 00:40:08,479 in the I.R.S. 1029 00:40:08,480 --> 00:40:09,480 chat room. 1030 00:40:10,370 --> 00:40:12,969 So any questions? 1031 00:40:18,790 --> 00:40:21,009 Yes, you 1032 00:40:21,010 --> 00:40:22,529 can start. 1033 00:40:22,530 --> 00:40:24,089 Yeah, yeah. 1034 00:40:24,090 --> 00:40:26,649 Thank you very much. I was really 1035 00:40:26,650 --> 00:40:29,529 interested in these Fender diagrams 1036 00:40:29,530 --> 00:40:31,029 you were showing about these different 1037 00:40:31,030 --> 00:40:33,099 spheres overlapping and 1038 00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:35,169 interacting also, 1039 00:40:35,170 --> 00:40:37,269 because I'd always read 1040 00:40:37,270 --> 00:40:39,369 it a bit differently 1041 00:40:39,370 --> 00:40:41,709 or the way I sort of understood 1042 00:40:41,710 --> 00:40:43,779 reductive. I like in particular is 1043 00:40:43,780 --> 00:40:45,939 that this rise of the social what 1044 00:40:45,940 --> 00:40:48,189 you also which kind of coincides 1045 00:40:48,190 --> 00:40:50,439 with the disappearance of the Gulf with 1046 00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:51,440 what you quoted, 1047 00:40:53,770 --> 00:40:55,089 seeing that more as a kind of, well, the 1048 00:40:55,090 --> 00:40:57,969 social sphere arising as a kind of 1049 00:40:57,970 --> 00:41:00,189 interface or maybe sort of API between 1050 00:41:00,190 --> 00:41:02,289 the public and private realm, 1051 00:41:02,290 --> 00:41:05,229 which kind of informs either way. 1052 00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:07,929 And in that sense, 1053 00:41:07,930 --> 00:41:10,029 I'd be interested in maybe just 1054 00:41:10,030 --> 00:41:12,759 understanding these dynamics that go from 1055 00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:13,760 both realms 1056 00:41:15,610 --> 00:41:18,699 more clearly. And in that sense, that 1057 00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:20,559 maybe there's also a kind of danger in 1058 00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:22,929 withdrawing, in protecting the 1059 00:41:22,930 --> 00:41:25,029 private sphere in that 1060 00:41:25,030 --> 00:41:27,099 sense that you can't partake in 1061 00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:28,539 the social sphere, in the in the 1062 00:41:28,540 --> 00:41:30,669 political activity. 1063 00:41:30,670 --> 00:41:32,169 And I'd like to hear your take on that, 1064 00:41:32,170 --> 00:41:33,759 because that's like the down side or the 1065 00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:36,009 other side of the metal, really, that 1066 00:41:36,010 --> 00:41:37,010 there's some. 1067 00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:38,960 Well. 1068 00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:41,929 What I always took from Victor Activa is 1069 00:41:41,930 --> 00:41:44,269 that you can't really that 1070 00:41:44,270 --> 00:41:46,519 partaking in the political sphere is 1071 00:41:47,630 --> 00:41:49,999 basically essential to actually living 1072 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,129 your life fully 1073 00:41:52,130 --> 00:41:53,059 in that sense. 1074 00:41:53,060 --> 00:41:55,219 So can you exist in this private sphere? 1075 00:41:55,220 --> 00:41:56,809 And don't you think there's also kind of 1076 00:41:56,810 --> 00:41:59,059 danger in in this step 1077 00:41:59,060 --> 00:42:00,739 back in this sort of other direction? 1078 00:42:00,740 --> 00:42:02,349 Any thoughts on that? 1079 00:42:02,350 --> 00:42:04,099 Yeah. Yeah. Thank you for your question. 1080 00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:06,139 Um, actually, yeah, there is this 1081 00:42:06,140 --> 00:42:09,109 problem, um, which 1082 00:42:09,110 --> 00:42:11,479 I ran might have 1083 00:42:11,480 --> 00:42:14,419 not seen or some 1084 00:42:14,420 --> 00:42:16,519 theorists have criticized her because 1085 00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:18,559 she didn't see what exactly what you just 1086 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,899 described, that we have this 1087 00:42:20,900 --> 00:42:22,999 strict separation between the private 1088 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,129 and the public and especially 1089 00:42:25,130 --> 00:42:27,379 with his politics, with this 1090 00:42:27,380 --> 00:42:29,479 with this ideal of the of the ancient 1091 00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:31,879 polis, then there are certain 1092 00:42:31,880 --> 00:42:33,409 people who are excluded from 1093 00:42:33,410 --> 00:42:34,729 participating. 1094 00:42:34,730 --> 00:42:36,829 And that, as you said, and we active the 1095 00:42:36,830 --> 00:42:39,109 human condition, people should be able 1096 00:42:39,110 --> 00:42:41,359 to participate and people 1097 00:42:41,360 --> 00:42:43,519 should be able to decide whether they 1098 00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:46,009 want to participate or not. 1099 00:42:46,010 --> 00:42:48,169 And your second question I heard there 1100 00:42:48,170 --> 00:42:51,529 were two questions is about the social. 1101 00:42:51,530 --> 00:42:53,719 The reason why our end is so 1102 00:42:54,740 --> 00:42:56,929 critical about the rise of the social 1103 00:42:56,930 --> 00:42:59,059 is because the mass 1104 00:42:59,060 --> 00:43:01,399 society was one reason 1105 00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,739 why the totalitarian systems 1106 00:43:03,740 --> 00:43:04,919 could come into being. 1107 00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:07,219 That's how she puts it, because 1108 00:43:07,220 --> 00:43:09,319 in the mass society, people 1109 00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:11,149 only behaved. 1110 00:43:11,150 --> 00:43:13,459 They only were interested 1111 00:43:13,460 --> 00:43:16,069 in consuming, in working 1112 00:43:16,070 --> 00:43:17,479 or laboring, actually. 1113 00:43:17,480 --> 00:43:18,949 And there were individuals. 1114 00:43:18,950 --> 00:43:21,589 And this is like one of the preconditions 1115 00:43:21,590 --> 00:43:23,729 why the totalitarian system that 1116 00:43:23,730 --> 00:43:26,059 the two systems could use, 1117 00:43:26,060 --> 00:43:27,529 because they were no longer the 1118 00:43:27,530 --> 00:43:29,629 relationships between the people 1119 00:43:29,630 --> 00:43:32,449 and no longer 1120 00:43:32,450 --> 00:43:35,209 this kind of, um, 1121 00:43:35,210 --> 00:43:36,890 of sticking together. 1122 00:43:39,350 --> 00:43:42,249 I'm sorry, but we have 1123 00:43:42,250 --> 00:43:43,539 more questions here. 1124 00:43:43,540 --> 00:43:44,709 I hope it's OK. 1125 00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:46,809 So over there, please. 1126 00:43:46,810 --> 00:43:47,810 I think she was first. 1127 00:43:48,740 --> 00:43:51,199 And now we're just switching, 1128 00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:52,200 OK, 1129 00:43:53,270 --> 00:43:55,819 when stating that 1130 00:43:55,820 --> 00:43:58,039 we should never refuse to judge our 1131 00:43:58,040 --> 00:43:59,869 and take into account that we can only 1132 00:43:59,870 --> 00:44:01,339 judge based on the information we have 1133 00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:03,679 available, because 1134 00:44:03,680 --> 00:44:05,119 what I'm seeing now is that 1135 00:44:06,230 --> 00:44:08,389 control over information is pretty much 1136 00:44:09,740 --> 00:44:11,389 the most important thing, as we saw 1137 00:44:11,390 --> 00:44:12,589 yesterday with the NSA. 1138 00:44:14,870 --> 00:44:16,199 Yeah, very important point. 1139 00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:17,419 Thank you. 1140 00:44:17,420 --> 00:44:19,909 Actually, she kind of did 1141 00:44:19,910 --> 00:44:22,039 consider it or I'll take 1142 00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:24,199 it into account, but not in the 1143 00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:25,969 way you just described it are. 1144 00:44:25,970 --> 00:44:28,009 We would describe it today because she 1145 00:44:28,010 --> 00:44:30,379 said, um, we have 1146 00:44:30,380 --> 00:44:32,479 to judge by examples 1147 00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:34,639 and she didn't kind of 1148 00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:36,799 make clear where these examples are. 1149 00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:38,269 Oh, she actually proposed that these 1150 00:44:38,270 --> 00:44:40,279 examples could, for example, come from 1151 00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:41,179 fairy tales. 1152 00:44:41,180 --> 00:44:42,180 This is 1153 00:44:43,430 --> 00:44:45,049 blog about I don't know what this is 1154 00:44:45,050 --> 00:44:47,269 English word like we if 1155 00:44:47,270 --> 00:44:49,549 you have this really cruel figure from 1156 00:44:49,550 --> 00:44:52,039 a from a from a fairy tale, if 1157 00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:54,019 someone says, I want him to be my friends 1158 00:44:54,020 --> 00:44:56,659 and I should be very suspicious 1159 00:44:56,660 --> 00:44:58,639 and not be friends with that person 1160 00:44:58,640 --> 00:45:01,309 anymore. So she makes some propositions 1161 00:45:01,310 --> 00:45:03,409 where we get the examples from. 1162 00:45:03,410 --> 00:45:05,569 But the information where we get 1163 00:45:05,570 --> 00:45:07,909 those from is a problem. 1164 00:45:07,910 --> 00:45:09,739 I mean, of course, she was aware about 1165 00:45:09,740 --> 00:45:11,869 propaganda because she's analyzing the 1166 00:45:11,870 --> 00:45:12,890 totalitarian systems 1167 00:45:14,060 --> 00:45:16,339 and she even says that mass, 1168 00:45:16,340 --> 00:45:19,249 um, uh, advertising 1169 00:45:19,250 --> 00:45:21,409 has some parallels with propaganda. 1170 00:45:21,410 --> 00:45:22,909 She already sees that. 1171 00:45:22,910 --> 00:45:24,859 But she said that a lot of information. 1172 00:45:24,860 --> 00:45:27,139 So to finally answer a question, 1173 00:45:27,140 --> 00:45:29,539 uh, should come from education 1174 00:45:29,540 --> 00:45:31,699 or for children, for example, we should 1175 00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:34,519 educate them like in a, um, 1176 00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:35,599 traditional way. 1177 00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:38,029 So they 1178 00:45:38,030 --> 00:45:40,159 learn traditional information 1179 00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:42,679 and they learn about, uh, authority 1180 00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:43,609 and religion. 1181 00:45:43,610 --> 00:45:46,099 And, uh, but she doesn't make 1182 00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:48,319 clear how those children 1183 00:45:48,320 --> 00:45:50,539 who learn these traditional things can 1184 00:45:50,540 --> 00:45:52,639 become, um, 1185 00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:54,269 uh, revolutionaries. 1186 00:45:54,270 --> 00:45:56,569 Um, so even if the German 1187 00:45:56,570 --> 00:45:57,589 citizens. 1188 00:45:57,590 --> 00:45:59,159 Sorry, self-determined said. 1189 00:45:59,160 --> 00:46:00,109 Yeah, exactly. 1190 00:46:00,110 --> 00:46:02,149 Yeah. And even those those 1191 00:46:02,150 --> 00:46:04,819 self-determined citizens who can act 1192 00:46:04,820 --> 00:46:06,199 with something new and can start 1193 00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:08,779 something new and can start a revolution, 1194 00:46:08,780 --> 00:46:10,739 which is a good thing in her in her way 1195 00:46:10,740 --> 00:46:11,719 of use. 1196 00:46:11,720 --> 00:46:12,720 Thanks. 1197 00:46:13,250 --> 00:46:14,569 Are there any questions from the 1198 00:46:14,570 --> 00:46:15,519 Internet. No. 1199 00:46:15,520 --> 00:46:17,229 OK, so we. 1200 00:46:17,230 --> 00:46:19,299 Come to you, I thank you very 1201 00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:20,979 much for your talk. 1202 00:46:20,980 --> 00:46:23,139 I have a question. Well, the the 1203 00:46:23,140 --> 00:46:24,729 background that you cite as being the 1204 00:46:24,730 --> 00:46:27,309 foundation for Alan's analysis 1205 00:46:27,310 --> 00:46:29,859 is that in all these social contract, 1206 00:46:29,860 --> 00:46:32,049 philosophers like Locke and Hagel and 1207 00:46:32,050 --> 00:46:34,089 Kant, and then there is a clear 1208 00:46:34,090 --> 00:46:36,219 distinction there between the private and 1209 00:46:36,220 --> 00:46:38,499 government or like the social contract 1210 00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:39,789 being created to prevent terror. 1211 00:46:39,790 --> 00:46:41,739 But then with the rise of the social as 1212 00:46:41,740 --> 00:46:43,419 being the normative entity, which is 1213 00:46:43,420 --> 00:46:45,519 creating that, how are we 1214 00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:47,769 to protect the private if 1215 00:46:47,770 --> 00:46:49,749 if there's not very there's not a very 1216 00:46:49,750 --> 00:46:52,299 clear delineation between private 1217 00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:53,379 and public in this. 1218 00:46:53,380 --> 00:46:55,449 So if you take a private 1219 00:46:55,450 --> 00:46:57,129 company, which in the United States is 1220 00:46:57,130 --> 00:46:59,289 like a person, then how can you how 1221 00:46:59,290 --> 00:47:01,089 can you protect privacy when that 1222 00:47:01,090 --> 00:47:03,749 demarcation becomes very unclear? 1223 00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:04,689 Mm hmm. 1224 00:47:04,690 --> 00:47:06,969 Yeah, that's a good question, 1225 00:47:06,970 --> 00:47:08,109 because I don't actually. 1226 00:47:08,110 --> 00:47:09,819 She wanted this demarcation, as you say. 1227 00:47:09,820 --> 00:47:12,189 She she said we need this to protect both 1228 00:47:12,190 --> 00:47:14,019 the private and the public from the 1229 00:47:14,020 --> 00:47:15,870 interference from the atmosphere. 1230 00:47:17,140 --> 00:47:19,239 But I think that it's it's 1231 00:47:19,240 --> 00:47:21,549 more complex these 1232 00:47:21,550 --> 00:47:22,599 days. And that's 1233 00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,409 why this model 1234 00:47:26,410 --> 00:47:29,169 from from the ancient times 1235 00:47:29,170 --> 00:47:30,369 doesn't apply anymore. 1236 00:47:30,370 --> 00:47:32,649 And that's why today scholars are using 1237 00:47:32,650 --> 00:47:34,779 the dimensions, because, 1238 00:47:34,780 --> 00:47:37,779 for example, my local 1239 00:47:37,780 --> 00:47:39,159 privacy is a local dimension of my 1240 00:47:39,160 --> 00:47:40,809 privacy can be protected, perfectly 1241 00:47:40,810 --> 00:47:42,399 protected when I'm sitting at home. 1242 00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:44,559 But when at the same time the 1243 00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:47,379 NSA has hacked my computer, it's like 1244 00:47:47,380 --> 00:47:49,299 not information and privacy that I have 1245 00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:51,519 at that time. So that's why we 1246 00:47:51,520 --> 00:47:54,219 need to think about it more complex. 1247 00:47:54,220 --> 00:47:56,769 And that's also why we need to think 1248 00:47:56,770 --> 00:47:59,079 that there are some cases where 1249 00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:01,419 it is OK 1250 00:48:01,420 --> 00:48:03,639 when the private is over that I didn't 1251 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:05,289 want to say it like this, but like it was 1252 00:48:05,290 --> 00:48:06,309 a feminist critique. 1253 00:48:06,310 --> 00:48:08,529 There are cases when there 1254 00:48:08,530 --> 00:48:10,569 must be a possibility to interfere with 1255 00:48:10,570 --> 00:48:12,279 what is what is happening in the private 1256 00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:14,499 realm. It can't be totally 1257 00:48:14,500 --> 00:48:16,449 sealed because there must be some 1258 00:48:16,450 --> 00:48:17,349 exceptions. 1259 00:48:17,350 --> 00:48:18,549 They have to be regulated. 1260 00:48:18,550 --> 00:48:20,769 And but the state is at the same 1261 00:48:20,770 --> 00:48:23,049 time the one who needs 1262 00:48:23,050 --> 00:48:24,969 to interfere in some cases. 1263 00:48:24,970 --> 00:48:27,429 But it's also the actor 1264 00:48:27,430 --> 00:48:28,430 who, 1265 00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:31,569 uh, from whom we should 1266 00:48:31,570 --> 00:48:33,809 be protected, but then becomes very 1267 00:48:33,810 --> 00:48:35,919 if if the state can call out if the state 1268 00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:38,259 says, OK, now we want this information 1269 00:48:38,260 --> 00:48:39,819 from some private company that has been 1270 00:48:39,820 --> 00:48:41,469 collecting data about their customers, 1271 00:48:41,470 --> 00:48:43,209 for example, then you have this constant 1272 00:48:43,210 --> 00:48:44,709 switching between the private and the 1273 00:48:44,710 --> 00:48:45,579 public. 1274 00:48:45,580 --> 00:48:47,949 That and how do you how do you legislate 1275 00:48:47,950 --> 00:48:49,309 that? 1276 00:48:49,310 --> 00:48:50,179 So could you. 1277 00:48:50,180 --> 00:48:52,579 All right. I don't know, it just seems 1278 00:48:52,580 --> 00:48:54,039 I guess it's complicated. 1279 00:48:54,040 --> 00:48:55,339 Yeah, it's complicated. 1280 00:48:55,340 --> 00:48:57,379 And just on the first part of the of your 1281 00:48:57,380 --> 00:48:59,749 question, as it's not only the background 1282 00:48:59,750 --> 00:49:02,059 of around all those theories 1283 00:49:02,060 --> 00:49:04,309 I didn't I mentioned, but 1284 00:49:04,310 --> 00:49:06,529 it's it's just the privacy discourse 1285 00:49:06,530 --> 00:49:07,699 I was referring to. 1286 00:49:07,700 --> 00:49:09,829 But our end, of course, is influence. 1287 00:49:09,830 --> 00:49:11,509 And she's also quoting and referring to 1288 00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:13,449 Locke, for example. 1289 00:49:13,450 --> 00:49:15,669 Thank you. Thank you so so over 1290 00:49:15,670 --> 00:49:17,769 here again, I have actually have a 1291 00:49:17,770 --> 00:49:20,379 question from Ishy, from our Gierach. 1292 00:49:20,380 --> 00:49:22,659 Um, do you think surveillance also 1293 00:49:22,660 --> 00:49:24,429 plays a role in destroying the public 1294 00:49:24,430 --> 00:49:26,439 sphere, the absence of Richwood? 1295 00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:27,849 Sorry, could you speak more to the 1296 00:49:27,850 --> 00:49:28,960 microphone? We continue to 1297 00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:31,160 watch the. 1298 00:49:32,050 --> 00:49:34,149 What role do you 1299 00:49:34,150 --> 00:49:36,159 think surveillance also plays a role in 1300 00:49:36,160 --> 00:49:38,169 destroying the public sphere, the absence 1301 00:49:38,170 --> 00:49:40,179 of which would prepare the way towards 1302 00:49:40,180 --> 00:49:42,279 dictatorship, uh, also because of 1303 00:49:42,280 --> 00:49:44,889 chilling effects which discourage 1304 00:49:44,890 --> 00:49:47,589 social participation and experimentation, 1305 00:49:47,590 --> 00:49:49,299 could you ask the question again? 1306 00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:51,019 I'm sorry, I didn't understand very well. 1307 00:49:51,020 --> 00:49:51,879 Sorry. 1308 00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:54,359 I try to talk right into the mic. 1309 00:49:54,360 --> 00:49:56,739 Um, do you think surveillance 1310 00:49:56,740 --> 00:49:58,779 also plays a role in destroying the 1311 00:49:58,780 --> 00:50:00,909 public sphere, the essence 1312 00:50:00,910 --> 00:50:02,709 of which would prepare the way towards 1313 00:50:02,710 --> 00:50:05,019 the dictatorship because of chilling 1314 00:50:05,020 --> 00:50:07,449 effects which discourage social 1315 00:50:07,450 --> 00:50:09,879 participation and experimentation? 1316 00:50:09,880 --> 00:50:10,880 Thank you. 1317 00:50:11,500 --> 00:50:13,629 Yeah, of course, surveillance does play a 1318 00:50:13,630 --> 00:50:16,119 huge role. And I mean, I like 1319 00:50:16,120 --> 00:50:18,249 the question was if I sing it, but I have 1320 00:50:18,250 --> 00:50:19,659 like my opinion and I read. 1321 00:50:19,660 --> 00:50:21,759 But I also was 1322 00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:24,549 taking into account surveillance 1323 00:50:24,550 --> 00:50:26,409 in her analysis of the totalitarian 1324 00:50:26,410 --> 00:50:28,599 states. And it's 1325 00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:30,789 like what's very important or 1326 00:50:30,790 --> 00:50:32,239 what she's criticizing is that the 1327 00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:35,229 neighbor might become more 1328 00:50:35,230 --> 00:50:37,509 dangerous and the police, if he 1329 00:50:37,510 --> 00:50:39,339 or she is spying on me. 1330 00:50:39,340 --> 00:50:41,529 And the surveillance is like, really? 1331 00:50:41,530 --> 00:50:43,539 And as we saw also yesterday in times 1332 00:50:43,540 --> 00:50:45,789 talk, in all the, um, 1333 00:50:45,790 --> 00:50:48,069 all of the, uh, uh, 1334 00:50:48,070 --> 00:50:50,139 spheres of the society and not only like 1335 00:50:50,140 --> 00:50:52,479 from agents, uh, from, 1336 00:50:52,480 --> 00:50:54,400 um, the secret services 1337 00:50:55,630 --> 00:50:57,969 and of course, um, 1338 00:50:57,970 --> 00:50:58,869 the surveillance. 1339 00:50:58,870 --> 00:50:59,799 Sorry. 1340 00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:00,800 Um. 1341 00:51:02,010 --> 00:51:04,589 And that's destroying the public sphere 1342 00:51:04,590 --> 00:51:06,869 as because I can't 1343 00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:09,089 behave as I would 1344 00:51:09,090 --> 00:51:11,309 if there wasn't weren't sorry, 1345 00:51:12,810 --> 00:51:14,819 there weren't any surveillance at all. 1346 00:51:14,820 --> 00:51:17,519 So by destroying my privacy, 1347 00:51:17,520 --> 00:51:19,159 it does destroy the public sphere. 1348 00:51:21,910 --> 00:51:22,910 Very, 1349 00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:25,459 um. 1350 00:51:25,460 --> 00:51:27,139 Was that question answered? 1351 00:51:27,140 --> 00:51:29,419 Yeah, so we go over here. 1352 00:51:29,420 --> 00:51:31,069 Hello. I just wanted to bring a little 1353 00:51:31,070 --> 00:51:33,439 bit more context, 1354 00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:35,569 of course, also and in the 1355 00:51:35,570 --> 00:51:37,079 context of politics and what you were 1356 00:51:37,080 --> 00:51:38,959 saying on behaviorism as well. 1357 00:51:38,960 --> 00:51:39,960 Pretty interesting 1358 00:51:41,030 --> 00:51:43,369 notion of of the space 1359 00:51:43,370 --> 00:51:45,229 of public. But I wonder whether Hannah 1360 00:51:45,230 --> 00:51:47,749 Arendt also in the later later writings 1361 00:51:47,750 --> 00:51:49,979 also was mentioning the markets 1362 00:51:49,980 --> 00:51:52,039 as market, as a form 1363 00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:54,199 also of defining 1364 00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:56,569 the the these fizzling 1365 00:51:56,570 --> 00:51:58,279 gray border between the private and the 1366 00:51:58,280 --> 00:52:00,619 public and privatization of the private 1367 00:52:00,620 --> 00:52:02,719 information by the market as something 1368 00:52:02,720 --> 00:52:05,029 that actually erases 1369 00:52:05,030 --> 00:52:07,099 the space of public and space of 1370 00:52:07,100 --> 00:52:09,379 political, as was understood by Aristotle 1371 00:52:09,380 --> 00:52:11,659 is what I mean by that is, for example, 1372 00:52:11,660 --> 00:52:13,039 in a way it was Matt was mentioning 1373 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:15,139 football is a rival of 1374 00:52:15,140 --> 00:52:16,140 the 1375 00:52:17,930 --> 00:52:20,509 ever penetrating notion of normality 1376 00:52:20,510 --> 00:52:23,239 and that notion of normality, occupying 1377 00:52:23,240 --> 00:52:25,459 the space of political, let's say 1378 00:52:25,460 --> 00:52:27,529 in politics, becoming obsolete to the to 1379 00:52:27,530 --> 00:52:28,669 the capitalism in this way. 1380 00:52:28,670 --> 00:52:31,069 And politics becomes too big of the 1381 00:52:31,070 --> 00:52:33,149 equation of the uncertainty 1382 00:52:33,150 --> 00:52:35,239 to become the danger for 1383 00:52:35,240 --> 00:52:37,429 India in this sense of 1384 00:52:37,430 --> 00:52:39,739 of new balance of effectiveness 1385 00:52:39,740 --> 00:52:40,759 in the society. 1386 00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:42,889 And therefore, the whole notion of public 1387 00:52:42,890 --> 00:52:45,319 in our in becomes obsolete and therefore 1388 00:52:45,320 --> 00:52:47,059 the totalitarianism arrives 1389 00:52:48,590 --> 00:52:51,139 as as the necessity to increase 1390 00:52:51,140 --> 00:52:52,519 this efficiency in the society. 1391 00:52:52,520 --> 00:52:54,619 I wonder if if I went in the 1392 00:52:54,620 --> 00:52:56,569 later writings mentioned market in this 1393 00:52:56,570 --> 00:52:59,059 way is something that comes into the 1394 00:52:59,060 --> 00:53:00,589 into the plate. Thank you. 1395 00:53:00,590 --> 00:53:02,419 Yeah. Yeah. Thank you for mentioning 1396 00:53:02,420 --> 00:53:03,499 Fuku. 1397 00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:05,689 Unfortunately, apparently they didn't 1398 00:53:05,690 --> 00:53:07,459 read each other or at least they didn't 1399 00:53:07,460 --> 00:53:09,349 quote each other because they have a lot 1400 00:53:09,350 --> 00:53:10,909 in common. I think they would have been 1401 00:53:10,910 --> 00:53:12,289 very interesting. 1402 00:53:12,290 --> 00:53:14,599 But yeah, that actually that's 1403 00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:17,479 already in the human condition from 1958 1404 00:53:17,480 --> 00:53:19,909 or partially published in 1958, 1405 00:53:19,910 --> 00:53:21,979 that Ireland is very critical about 1406 00:53:21,980 --> 00:53:23,989 the market, not exactly in the way you 1407 00:53:23,990 --> 00:53:26,569 just said, or you would 1408 00:53:26,570 --> 00:53:27,619 call would explain it. 1409 00:53:27,620 --> 00:53:30,409 But the market is already a problem 1410 00:53:30,410 --> 00:53:32,539 in the modern 1411 00:53:32,540 --> 00:53:34,819 times, like when as 1412 00:53:34,820 --> 00:53:36,949 a society, we still have the slide 1413 00:53:36,950 --> 00:53:39,199 here as when the society comes into 1414 00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:40,789 being, as Ireland calls it, 1415 00:53:42,060 --> 00:53:44,359 the market interests kind 1416 00:53:44,360 --> 00:53:46,489 of do take over 1417 00:53:46,490 --> 00:53:48,019 the public sphere. 1418 00:53:48,020 --> 00:53:49,549 And that's the problem because there's 1419 00:53:49,550 --> 00:53:51,619 no, uh, there's no space 1420 00:53:51,620 --> 00:53:53,569 anymore for the political. 1421 00:53:53,570 --> 00:53:55,909 And I think that 1422 00:53:55,910 --> 00:53:58,279 the economic 1423 00:53:58,280 --> 00:54:01,159 affairs shouldn't be discussed 1424 00:54:01,160 --> 00:54:02,329 in the public. 1425 00:54:02,330 --> 00:54:04,219 We have the social sphere for that, as we 1426 00:54:04,220 --> 00:54:06,349 said, and we can discuss 1427 00:54:06,350 --> 00:54:08,959 it. But it's not not a political, 1428 00:54:08,960 --> 00:54:11,029 um, topic, just a little follow 1429 00:54:11,030 --> 00:54:11,119 up. 1430 00:54:11,120 --> 00:54:13,219 So she meant political and she defined 1431 00:54:13,220 --> 00:54:15,559 political as a space of unpredictable, 1432 00:54:15,560 --> 00:54:17,869 as a space of unknown space where space 1433 00:54:17,870 --> 00:54:20,059 of potentiality or other political, 1434 00:54:20,060 --> 00:54:22,219 as a space of a dialog or there is no 1435 00:54:22,220 --> 00:54:24,349 such is a space of 1436 00:54:24,350 --> 00:54:24,979 dialog. 1437 00:54:24,980 --> 00:54:27,169 But it's also this unpredictable 1438 00:54:27,170 --> 00:54:29,389 unpredictability does play a role 1439 00:54:29,390 --> 00:54:31,999 and it's also an agonistic 1440 00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,429 sphere because there should also 1441 00:54:34,430 --> 00:54:36,619 every time be this again in the 1442 00:54:36,620 --> 00:54:38,779 in the in the Greek way 1443 00:54:38,780 --> 00:54:41,659 that people should be, um, 1444 00:54:41,660 --> 00:54:44,089 debating and kind of, um, 1445 00:54:44,090 --> 00:54:46,849 having a battle between the opinions. 1446 00:54:46,850 --> 00:54:48,109 Thank you very much. 1447 00:54:48,110 --> 00:54:50,239 One last minute for one last question 1448 00:54:50,240 --> 00:54:52,139 and one last answer. 1449 00:54:52,140 --> 00:54:53,059 Your turn. 1450 00:54:53,060 --> 00:54:54,799 I tried to give our best. 1451 00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:55,800 Can you hear me clearly? 1452 00:54:56,720 --> 00:54:58,819 I have a question with regard to, uh, 1453 00:54:58,820 --> 00:55:00,979 hotelier's. And up 1454 00:55:00,980 --> 00:55:03,329 to now, we have had, uh, 1455 00:55:03,330 --> 00:55:05,269 systems which are very much related to 1456 00:55:05,270 --> 00:55:07,249 one person, so to name Hitler, to name 1457 00:55:07,250 --> 00:55:09,949 Stalin and whomever you want to call. 1458 00:55:09,950 --> 00:55:12,349 And now I see a change 1459 00:55:12,350 --> 00:55:14,629 here to a multitude of, 1460 00:55:14,630 --> 00:55:16,909 uh, corporations, if you want to. 1461 00:55:16,910 --> 00:55:19,339 And, uh, the state and the politicians 1462 00:55:19,340 --> 00:55:21,169 are, uh, like a Muppet Show. 1463 00:55:21,170 --> 00:55:23,089 And I would like to have a question. 1464 00:55:23,090 --> 00:55:24,619 What do you want to elaborate on that? 1465 00:55:24,620 --> 00:55:26,509 Is there a change in the definition of, 1466 00:55:26,510 --> 00:55:28,039 uh, totalitarianism? 1467 00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:29,999 And, uh, how does this affect. 1468 00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:30,409 Hmm. 1469 00:55:30,410 --> 00:55:32,029 Yeah, thank you. Um, I tried to answer 1470 00:55:32,030 --> 00:55:34,549 briefly that the 1471 00:55:34,550 --> 00:55:36,799 current Arin's idea of protectionism 1472 00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:38,539 is with some, as I call it, the classical 1473 00:55:38,540 --> 00:55:40,849 definition. And after that, people have 1474 00:55:40,850 --> 00:55:42,589 expanded the definition of 1475 00:55:42,590 --> 00:55:44,809 totalitarianism because, for example, for 1476 00:55:44,810 --> 00:55:46,969 our end, this, um, 1477 00:55:46,970 --> 00:55:48,229 Fula Poncy. 1478 00:55:48,230 --> 00:55:50,419 So to say, like you only have one 1479 00:55:50,420 --> 00:55:52,309 person at the top, as you said, is 1480 00:55:52,310 --> 00:55:54,769 important for, um, a real 1481 00:55:54,770 --> 00:55:56,719 totalitarian state. 1482 00:55:56,720 --> 00:55:58,579 But then also later on, she kind of 1483 00:55:58,580 --> 00:56:00,829 changes a little bit and she speaks 1484 00:56:00,830 --> 00:56:02,899 about totalitarian elements and 1485 00:56:02,900 --> 00:56:04,879 and and, um. 1486 00:56:04,880 --> 00:56:06,889 Yeah. Phenomenon's. 1487 00:56:06,890 --> 00:56:09,319 But, uh, I'm not sure I 1488 00:56:09,320 --> 00:56:10,009 think you're right. 1489 00:56:10,010 --> 00:56:12,709 And I think one could apply 1490 00:56:12,710 --> 00:56:14,809 Arantes, um, theory, 1491 00:56:14,810 --> 00:56:16,909 because she also sees that 1492 00:56:16,910 --> 00:56:19,459 there are those puppets who are 1493 00:56:19,460 --> 00:56:20,599 being. 1494 00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,699 Played like a puppet show by a puppet 1495 00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:23,899 master. 1496 00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:26,059 Um, but yeah, 1497 00:56:26,060 --> 00:56:27,979 actually, it's different from what you 1498 00:56:27,980 --> 00:56:30,229 just described as different from what she 1499 00:56:30,230 --> 00:56:33,589 defines as like clearly utilitarian. 1500 00:56:33,590 --> 00:56:36,439 OK, thank you very much for your 1501 00:56:36,440 --> 00:56:38,269 good talk about Hannah Arendt and 1502 00:56:38,270 --> 00:56:39,739 privacy. 1503 00:56:39,740 --> 00:56:40,820 Thank you very much now.